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Optimism and perseverance are 2 important assets for soldiers to be able to perform competently in high-risk environments and to complete complex and stressful tasks. Traditionally, optimism is measured using questionnaires and most frequently in a retrospective manner, for example, after a mission is completed. As such, ability to persevere in challenging environments is generally taken into account when it is too late, that is, when the soldier is showing severe signs of deficiency or failing to persevere. Therefore, there is a need for more objective measurements with which to predict perseverance. We conducted and present 2 studies in which the hormone cortisol seems to play a key role, relating with optimism, and possibly predicting perseverance. In the first study, we measured cortisol levels during a computer-simulated military training mission. A significant correlation between cortisol levels and optimism measured by the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) Scale was found. In the second study, we followed 29 recruits through a demanding military training course required for joining the Dutch Air Mobile Brigade. The recruits who persevered and completed the course had a higher cortisol response to a stressful training event compared with those who leave the course. A regression model showed that a combination of the soldiers’ optimism and cortisol response best predicted perseverance. This study shows that a combination of attitudinal instruments and a biomarker has potential for predicting military training course attrition. 相似文献
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肿瘤与肿瘤标志物研究中证据的思考 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着对肿瘤研究的深入,人类发现的肿瘤标志物越来越多。目前有一定临床价值的肿瘤标志物已达100多种,但经过10多年的临床实践发现,肿瘤与其标志物之间的关系错综复杂。现有的许多研究中实验设计以及对结果的分析都存在着一些问题,得出的结论缺乏直接或确凿的证据,甚至出现偏差的结论,以致于影响到临床的准确应用。所以,有必要对此进行总结和探讨,以期有效发挥肿瘤标志物的临床应用价值。 相似文献
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Abstract Investigations into the role of hopelessness in cancer-outcomes are gaining importance. This study examined the relations between hopelessness and psychological and serological outcomes among breast-cancer patients. Forty-nine Israeli women with breast-cancer were assessed for background data, hopelessness (helplessness and pessimism), life-changes, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and negative-affect (NA). A sub-sample (N= 21) was followed over four months for alterations in the breast-cancer serological marker CA15-3. Hopelessness was significantly correlated with PTSD-symptoms (r=.43) and NA (r= .30). Hopelessness accounted for an additional and significant 17% and 10% of the variances in PTSD-symptoms and NA. respectively, after controlling for effects of cancer-stage, age, time since diagnosis (and life-changes for PTSD). Finally, helplessness (but not pessimism) predicted changes in CA15-3, controlling for cancer-stage (r= .42. p < .05). These results support previous findings concerning the importance of hopelessness in cancer, and extend them to further psychological and serological outcomes. 相似文献
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The present meta-analysis investigated the clinical utility of the auditory P300 latency event-related potential in differentiating patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and unaffected controls. Effect size estimates were computed from mean P300 latency measurements at midline electrodes between patients and unaffected controls using the random effects restricted maximum likelihood model. The effects of clinical and ERP/EEG methological variables were assessed in a moderator analysis. P300 latency was found to be significantly prolonged in patients with AD (and MCI) compared to unaffected controls. Shortened P300 latencies were observed when comparing patients with MCI to patients with AD. Clinically relevant differences in P300 latency effect sizes were associated with mean age, interstimulus interval, stimulus difference, target frequency, reference electrode, and sampling rate. The meta-analytic findings provide robust statistical evidence for the use of the auditory P300 latency subcomponent as a biological marker of prodromal AD. 相似文献
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Yue Hu 《Political psychology》2020,41(4):699-716
Is public trust in government representatives (i.e., bureaucrats, police, public servants) affected by the language they use? The conventional theory holds that, in a multilingual society, people favor government representatives who speak the listeners' dialects because it indicates a shared cultural identity, that is, the “culture-marker” effect. This article offers an alternative mechanism in which people's attitudes can be affected by the government designating the official language as a marker of political authority. Listeners will then project their respect for the political authority to the government representatives who speak this marker language. This mechanism is named an “authority marker” effect. Using a set of adjusted matched-guise experiments in China, this study examines the culture-marker and authority-marker effects. The results support the authority-marker effect by showing that listeners have significantly more trust in the bureaucrats who speak the official language than in those who speak the dialects of the listeners. The study also finds that this is a unique effect for speakers when they represent the government. Without that political identity, listeners will still respond more positively to speakers of their own dialects. 相似文献