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91.
Maze training was shown to affect qualitative aspects of the learning-sensitive open-field (OF) ambulation in male Swiss albino mice. The changes in thigmotactic (wall-seeking) behaviour were most pronounced when significant signs of learning occurred, usually on the third day of training. Also daily changes in thigmotaxis from before to after training were found. Mice not subjected to maze training exhibited a different thigmotactic pattern of behaviour. The present series of experiments indicated that separate starting-points (centre or wall) influenced the thigmotactic behaviour as opposed to the shape of the OF (circular or square). 相似文献
92.
93.
This article sets out to evaluate the researchevidence for rape myths and the extent to which theyare causally related to rape proclivity; negativeattitudes towards rape victims; and the reporting ofsexual assault incidents to the police. In reviewingthis literature, we provide an evaluation of theimpact of this research on the criminal justice systemand possible future developments. We argue that thisresearch, while failing to provide conclusive evidenceof a causal relationship, has nevertheless played animportant part in shaping more sympathetic approachestowards rape victims in the criminal justice system.However, we also argue that the current research fallsshort of the level of proof required for it to beadmitted as evidence in criminal trials. We considera number of alternative uses including AmicusCuriae briefs, and the training of juries and judgesprior to hearing rape cases. 相似文献
94.
Van Haaren F Van Hest A Van De Poll NE 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1988,49(2):201-211
Eight male and 8 female Wistar rats were exposed to a discrete-trial procedure in which they chose between the presentation of a small (one pellet) or a large (three pellets) reinforcer. The delay to the small and large reinforcer was 6.0 s in the first condition of Experiment 1. Subjects consistently chose the large reinforcer. When the delay to the small reinforcer was decreased to 0.1 s in the next experimental condition, all subjects continued to choose the large 6.0-s delayed reinforcer. When the contingencies correlated with the two levers were reversed in the next experimental condition, the majority of subjects (5 males and 6 females) still chose the large delayed reinforcer over the small immediately presented reinforcer. The delay to the small reinforcer was maintained at 6.0 s, but the delay to the large reinforcer was varied among 9.0, 15.0, 24.0, and 36.0 s in Experiment 2, in which 4 males and 4 females participated. Most subjects consistently chose the large increasingly delayed reinforcer, although choice for the small 6.0-s delayed reinforcer developed in some females when the large reinforcer was delayed for 24.0 or 36.0 s. These choice patterns were not predicted from a literal application of a model that says choice should favor the alternative correlated with the higher (amount/delay) ratio. 相似文献
95.
Gizem Keskin Alysha Baker E. Paige Lloyd Liliana Krank Leanne ten Brinke 《Applied cognitive psychology》2023,37(1):212-220
Despite the high incidence of sexual assault, doubt about allegations is common. Previous research suggests that victims expressing positive or no emotion are perceived as less credible than those expressing negative emotions. However, little is known about which specific negative emotional expressions contribute to credibility in this context. In two studies (N = 623), participants read a date rape vignette. The alleged victim's statement was paired with a picture of a female person expressing either shame, sadness, or no emotion. Participants rated the credibility of her account and completed a measure of rape myth acceptance. Controlling for rape myth acceptance, allegations were perceived as more credible when accompanied by an expression of shame versus sadness (a negative, low arousal control condition). It is critical to be aware of the shame-credibility bias in this context to intervene and support those who have experienced sexual assault. 相似文献
96.
In this paper, the legal history of marital rape and the current status of “marital rape allowances” to sexual assault statutes are reviewed. The prevalence of marital rape and its comorbidity with nonsexual violence, as well as the physical and psychological sequelae found to be specifically associated with sexual aggression in marriage is reviewed. Our current limited theoretical understanding of the relationship between sexual and nonsexual violence in marriage is extended by integrating marital rape and marital violence batterer typology research. Specifically, we offer a four-type batterer typology integration (i.e., family-only, dysphoric/borderline, generally violent/antisocial, and sexually obsessive batterers) that fully describe husbands that are only nonsexually violent, both physically and sexually violent, or only sexually violent. Theoretical and practical implications of this integration are identified. Future research directions are outlined, and the need for greater clinical attention to the phenomena of sexual violence in marriage is highlighted. 相似文献
97.
Rebecca Campbell 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(2):249-277
Surveyed police officers from two police departments in the Midwest on their perceptions of date rape (N=91). The aim of this
research was to examine the influence of officers' work experiences and general beliefs about women on their perceptions of
date rape. Two approaches were utilized. First, using quantitative structural-equation modeling, a model that integrated work
experiences and individual beliefs was evaluated using LISREL VII. Results suggest a direct path from the work experience
variables to perceptions of date rape: Officers with more experience with rape cases held more sympathetic beliefs about data
rape and date rape victims. Officers who found their training on rape to be very helpful, and those who reported that their
work environment was sexualized and sexual harassment was a problem, were also less victim blaming. An indirect influence
of these variables was also supported. Officers with more experience, those who perceived their training as helpful, and those
with heightened awareness of sexual harassment in the workplace also held more favorable attitudes toward women, which, in
turn, predicted less victim-blaming perceptions of date rape. Second, qualitative methods were used to have the police define
and describe in their own words what has shaped their beliefs about date rape. These narratives were content analyzed by two
raters. The qualitative results validated the quantitative findings as the officers were most likely to mention professional
experience with rape cases and departmental trainings as important factors that changed their opinions. Work climate and personal
experiences were also cited as influential. Implications for integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in research,
and training interventions with police are discussed.
The author thanks the Editor, Bill Davidson, Holly Angelique, Susan Englund, Doug Luke, Melody Scofield, and three anonymous
reviewers for their helpful comments on this paper. I also acknowledge Camille Johnson and Jody Venable for their assistance
collecting and coding the data. This research was supported by a grant from the George W. Fairweather Fund. 相似文献
98.
99.
P. Bernin M.D. T. Theorell M.D.Ph.D. C. G. Sandberg M.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2001,36(2):121-136
The aim was to explore the patterns of correlations between psychosocial stress indices and neuroendocrinological factors
in managers. Fifty-eight male managers in three Swedish companies constituted the sample. They answered two questionnaires
with 17 selected stress indices and also an organizational test. The indices have been analyzed by means of computations of
age adjusted partial correlations with nine different variables analyzed in fasting blood samples. The serum concentrations
of lipids were the variables most strongly correlated with psychosocial factors. Neither smoking nor physical activity changed
the correlations significantly. Good social support at work and in private life was consistently associated with low adverse
serum lipids and corresponding lipoproteins. On the other hand, some indices of social support were associated with indices
of high arousal levels. This may indicate a possible psychophysiological “load effect” of some aspects of social support in
managers. The analyses of corporate culture measured as “Rules of the Game” indicated that “bureaucracy” was significantly
associated with high LDL-cholesterol and low HDL-cholesterol. Managers have special conditions and therefore the patterns
of associations between psychosocial conditions and coping strategies on one hand and endocrine-biochemical state on the other
hand may be different, from those of other groups. To what extent such differences are due to individual characteristics or
environmental factors needs to be further investigated. According to the results, however, good social support is in general
health promoting also to managers, at least with regard to serum lipids. Bureaucracy, on the other hand, seems to be dangerous
to the health of managers. 相似文献
100.
《The Journal of social psychology》2012,152(2):165-173
Abstract This multilevel analysis used data from a representative sample from Grades 6, 7, and 8 in public schools in Switzerland. The data included information on (a) 6,602 students (3,307 girls, 3,295 boys) nested within 338 classes and (b) 321 mathematics teachers of these classes. The teachers and the students tended to stereotype mathematics as a male domain, and the teachers' stereotypes significantly affected the students' stereotypes after the author controlled for achievement, interest, and self-confidence in mathematics and for school grade and schooling track. 相似文献