肌肉上瘾综合征:一种新型的心理障碍?

肌肉上瘾综合征是指个体对于缺乏大块肌肉的错误认知的先占观念,是近二十年来西方学者的研究热点之一。已有研究从肌肉上瘾的诊断和测量,与体象障碍等心理障碍和行为异常的关系,以及形成机制等方面进行了深入的研究。然而,目前关于其临床诊断、产生机制等方面还存在争议。肌肉上瘾综合征在我国,甚至是亚洲尚缺乏足够的关注度。肌肉上瘾综合征的诊断依据、病征的文化差异、共患疾病、形成机制等将成为今后研究的焦点问题。     

Effects of acute administration of nicotine and lobeline on agonistic encounters in male mice

The effects of acute administration of two nicotinic ligands, (‐)‐nicotine and (‐)‐lobeline were examined on isolation‐induced aggression in mice. Individually housed male mice confronted anosmic “standard opponents” in a neutral arena 10 min after drug administration. Encounters were videotaped and evaluated using an ethologically based analysis facilitating estimation of time allocated to 11 broad behavioral categories. Nicotine did not have significant effects on threat or attack but significantly diminished time allocated to digging. The lowest dose of lobeline significantly diminished attack and induced a slight increase of immobility without significantly diminishing other behaviors with motor components. The intermediate and highest dose of lobeline reduced time allocated to all behaviors with motor components. It is concluded that these two nicotinic agonists produce different behavioral profiles during agonistic encounters in mice but that this test may not facilitate assessing the impact of such drugs on irritability. Aggr. Behav. 26:376–385, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Psychological characteristics of infertile couples: can they predict pregnancy and treatment persistence?

The paper describes an exploratory study of the relative importance of different psychological variables for the prediction of (a) pregnancies and (b) treatment continuation in a sample of 140 couples seeking specialized infertility treatment one year after their first contact with an infertility clinic. The couples filled out questionnaires dealing with psychological and interpersonal functioning, marital and life satisfaction, child-related attitudes, causal attribution of infertility and general expectations towards the treatment. It could be shown that the psychological variables explain a relatively small amount of the variance of the pregnancy criterion. Nevertheless, there were some indications supporting the hypothesis that psychological complaints can be seen as a ‘risk factor’ associated with a lower pregnancy rate. Couples who had terminated treatment after one year indicated a higher amount of psychological and interpersonal complaints (females) as well as partner problems (males and females), and a dominance of internal attributions of the fertility problem. This result—which might help to develop strategies for counselling couples making use of the new reproductive technologies—highlights the importance of attribution and cognitive appraisal in coping with infertility. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Counselling needs of patients receiving treatment with gamete donation

Couples experiencing infertility may be offered treatment with gamete donation where other methods of treatment have failed or are inappropriate. This paper examines a range of concerns related to gamete donation. The paper does not attempt to present a comprehensive and critical review of the literature but concentrates on selecting from the literature, in addition to clinical material, issues which have been identified as contributing to an understanding of patients' experience of treatment with donated gametes. The concerns include feelings and attitudes towards the donor, the role the donor plays in the couple's relationship, feelings about not being the genetic parent and whether to disclose the donation to the potential child and others. These concerns form a basis for counselling couples about the implications of gamete donation for themselves and any children born as a result. The difficulties faced by some people are illustrated by consideration of a single case where the experience of donation linked up with unique aspects of that individual. Therapeutic counselling offers couples faced with such difficulties the opportunity to explore in a more extensive way the underlying dynamics of their concerns, enabling them to think about and make sense of their experience. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ethopharmacological studies of the effects of β-carbolines and benzodiazepines on murine aggression

The behavioral profiles generated by a benzodiazepine (BDZ) agonist (diazepam), an “inverse” agonist (β-carboline-3-carboxylate ethyl ester, βC-3-CEE), and dihydro-(DHβCs) and tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THβCs) were investigated on aggressive isolated mice using a computerized ethopharmacological technique. Augmentation of intraspecific sociability with a concurrent reduction of aggression are characteristic features of diazepam's effects, whereas βC-3-CEE exerts the opposite effects. βC-3-CEE countered the prosocial activity of diazepam and had intrinsic activities on intraspecific behaviour. Some DHβCs (harmalol and 6-methoxy-harmalan) and THβCs (1-methyl-6-hydroxy-THβC and tetrahydronorharmane) may exacerbate aggression at low (BDZ-negative) doses (1 mg/kg), and inhibit such behavior at higher (serotonin-positive) doses (10-15 mg/kg). The ethological profiles of DHβCs were different from the profiles of THβCs. Differences in ethological profiles of βC-3-CEE, DHβCs, and THβCs seem to reflect the neurochemical (mainly BDZ-and serotonergic) properties of these substances.     

Effects of neonatal treatment with cyproterone acetate on aggressive behavior induced by footshock in adult male rats

High levels of androgens are required to organize aggressive behavior in adult male rats. Footshock-induced aggression was tested in Wistar rats allocated to one of three experimental groups: control (oil-injected) males (M), males neonatally injected with the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CA), and males treated as in the CA group but gonadectomized just before puberty (CAG). An antiaggressive effect of CA in those adult male rats neonatally treated with this compound was found. Neonatal exposure to cyproterone acetate exerts an antiandrogenic effect over the expression of shock-induced aggressive behavior. The behavioral effects of CA were not countered by adult treatment with testosterone propionate.     

Partial purification of male mus musculus urinary aggression-promoting chemosignal

An attempt was made to purify an aggression-promoting chemosignal of male SJL/J mice. It was shown in Experiment 1 that the chemosignal is present in intact-male urine (IU) but not in urine (CU) from castrated males. In Experiments 3 and 4, a head-space distillation technique was used to isolate the volatile components of IU. It was shown that aggression-promoting cues were present in the volatile portion of IU and not in the nonvolatile portion. Also CU was tested for behavioral activity under the procedures of Experiments 3 and 4 and was found not to contain the chemosensory cue.     

Role of female aggression in prevention of infanticidal behavior in male common voles,Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1779)

Infanticidal behavior of male common voles (Microtus arvalis) was investigated in relation to the age of unfamiliar pups. Sires from 18 pairs were removed after parturition of their offspring and replaced by unfamiliar males at different ages of the neonates. In group 1, containing six females with their offspring, the new male was introduced into the females' cages on day 1 after the parturition. In group 2 the new male was introduced on day 5 after parturition and in group 3 on day 9 after parturition. The male was removed after 3 days and the neonates recounted. Male common voles killed up to 100% of the neonates in litters containing neonates younger than 9 days by rapid bites to the head of the neonates (groups 1 and 2, mortality rates of 0.86 and 0.38). However, with older pups, a mortality rate of 0.06 was observed while 33% of the intruder males showed signs of injuries (group 3). These findings show that infanticidal behavior of male common voles represents one factor of pup mortality. The results are discussed in relation to changes in the degree of maternal aggression and in the context of the social system of the common vole for solving the conflict between postpartum estrous mating and infanticidal behavior of male common voles. Aggr. Behav. 23:293–298, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Offensive and defensive bite-target topographies in attacks by lactating rats

The attacks by resident lactating Wistar rats on sexually naive conspecifics of both sexes were examined. Male and female intruders were equally attacked in terms of frequency and number of bites, but the topographies of biting seen in these encounters were different. Similarly to male-male agonistic interactions, females were attacked in a fashion which avoided bites to the head and snout (“offensive” attack), whereas males were frequently bitten on such vulnerable regions (“defensive” attack). This dichotomy in bite pattern suggests that different motivations and functions underlay maternal aggression in these situations. The defensive attack on males may be a deterrent to infanticide since only male intruders counterattack lactating females and kill their pups. The attack on females may be concerned with resource competition.     

Analysis of the targets and tactics of conspecific attack and predatory attack in northern grasshopper mice onychomys leucogaster

Comparisons of tactics of fighting between species are often difficult to make since the body targets attacked may differ. Thus it becomes difficult to assess whether differences in fighting tactics are due to species-specific differences in the tactics themselves or due to the different targets attacked. A solution to this problem is to analyse the tactics of a species that attacks different targets under different circumstances. In this way, differences in tactics can be more readily attributed to differences in targets. In this study, resident male northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster) were tested against intruding male conspecifics and against laboratory mice (Mus musculus domesticus). Conspecifics were mainly bitten on the lower dorsum, whereas prey were bitten and killed by bites to the nape of the neck. Therefore, it was possible to analyze the tactics of attack by grasshopper mice when attacking different body targets. For example, in order to defend the lower dorsum and the nape, both intruding conspecifics and prey adopted an upright defensive posture. Resident grasshopper mice used the lateral attack tactic to gain access to the lower flanks but not the nape. This illustrates that the lateral attack tactic is not merely a tactic suitable for overcoming the upright defense tactic, but is used in this context only when the target attacked is on the opponent's posterior dorsum. Such withinpecies comparison enables the identification of the contextual rules which govern the use of fighting tactics. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.