Exploring classical conditioning for strengthening the links between semantic and lexical representations in pure anomia: Preliminary findings from a single case study

The same language symptom might arise at different functional loci in people with aphasia. Therefore, it is plausible that different therapeutic interventions should be adopted to approach the same difficulties in different patients. Although this point of view is still widely accepted, recently the focus has shifted from the functional locus of a rehabilitative intervention to the mechanisms of action underlying the relearning process. We maintain that both aspects should be taken into account when programming a rehabilitative intervention; furthermore, investigating relearning mechanisms might shed new light on the functional architecture of the disrupted processes. Here, we investigated, in a single case study, whether classical conditioning was a suitable relearning paradigm for targeting word‐finding difficulties in pure anomia, that is in a patient with an impairment in accessing intact output lexical representations from a spared semantic system. Using a word‐repetition task on picture presentation, we contrasted a condition in which the stimulus onset asynchrony between word and picture stimuli was well suited to produce classical conditioning with a condition in which repetition training could not benefit from this learning mechanism. Only classical conditioning training exerted a significant, long‐lasting effect on our patient's naming skill. Tentative implications of our results for the functional architecture of single‐word processing are discussed.     

索拉非尼对NCI-H446人小细胞肺癌细胞株不同克隆细胞靶向治疗的实验研究

检测索拉非尼（Sorafenib）对NCI—H446人小细胞肺癌细胞株不同克隆细胞抗肿瘤作用。采用有限稀释法克隆培养NCI-H446人小细胞肺癌细胞株细胞,以终浓度分别为6μmol／L、3μmol／L、1.5／2mol／L加入各克隆实验孔继续培养24、48、72小时,噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测索拉非尼对各克隆细胞的增殖抑制作用。结果15个单细胞克隆生长形成克隆,形态上大致分为两种克隆,索拉非尼对NCI-H446人小细胞肺癌细胞株克隆A细胞增殖抑制作用不随时间及浓度变化,抑制率为4.96％-6.49％;对克隆B抑制率为3.86％-30.39％,呈剂量-时间依赖效应。索拉非尼对两种克隆细胞增殖抑制具有显著性差异。结论是索拉非尼能抑制NCI-H446人小细胞肺癌细胞株细胞增殖,部分呈剂量-时间依赖效应,索拉非尼对不同克隆细胞增殖抑制率不同,可能与不同克隆细胞生物学特性有关。     

进展期非小细胞肺癌维持治疗进展

化疗在进展期非小细胞肺癌的地位已经确立,现有的方案已经达到“化疗疗效平台”。延长化疗无潜在益处,有什么办法可以保持现有的疗效。为此,提出了维持治疗的概念,维持治疗是指患者在完成标准的几个周期化疗且疾病得到控制后再接受的化疗,架起一二线治疗间的桥梁。带来进一步的临床获益。     

局限期小细胞肺癌放疗中预防野照射和累及野照射的疗效分析

局限期小细胞肺癌综合治疗中采用三维适型或调强放疗技术,按不同照射范围分为累及野照射和预防野照射2个组进行比较,分析不同照射野对预后的影响。 67例局限期小细胞肺癌患者,随机分为累及野照射组37例和预防野照射组30例。累及野照射组照射范围包括化疗前CT所见肿瘤及转移淋巴结范围,预防野照射组照射范围包括原发灶、同侧肺门、纵隔及锁骨上淋巴引流区。两组均采用三维适形或调强技术,放疗剂量为DT50Gy～66Gy/5周～6周。结果全组总有效率为82.1%,局部复发率为29.9%,远处转移率为56.7%,1年、2年、3年生存率分别为68.7%、36.2%和20.1%,分组比较以上指标均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。而两组病例急性放射性肺炎和食道炎发生率分别为5.4%、16.7%和2.7%、20.0%,累及野照射食管炎发生率显著低于预防野（P＜0.05）。     

The emergence of Cognitive Hearing Science

Cognitive Hearing Science or Auditory Cognitive Science is an emerging field of interdisciplinary research concerning the interactions between hearing and cognition. It follows a trend over the last half century for interdisciplinary fields to develop, beginning with Neuroscience, then Cognitive Science, then Cognitive Neuroscience, and then Cognitive Vision Science. A common theme is that an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to understand complex human behaviors, to develop technologies incorporating knowledge of these behaviors, and to find solutions for individuals with impairments that undermine typical behaviors. Accordingly, researchers in traditional academic disciplines, such as Psychology, Physiology, Linguistics, Philosophy, Anthropology, and Sociology benefit from collaborations with each other, and with researchers in Computer Science and Engineering working on the design of technologies, and with health professionals working with individuals who have impairments. The factors that triggered the emergence of Cognitive Hearing Science include the maturation of the component disciplines of Hearing Science and Cognitive Science, new opportunities to use complex digital signal-processing to design technologies suited to performance in challenging everyday environments, and increasing social imperatives to help people whose communication problems span hearing and cognition. Cognitive Hearing Science is illustrated in research on three general topics: (1) language processing in challenging listening conditions; (2) use of auditory communication technologies or the visual modality to boost performance; (3) changes in performance with development, aging, and rehabilitative training. Future directions for modeling and the translation of research into practice are suggested.     

对肺癌TNM分期的思考

TNM分期系统是进行肿瘤诊断和治疗的“国际语言”。1997年新版的肺癌TNM分期标准作为指导肺癌诊断和治疗的重要参考指标,能在一定程度上反映肺癌的预后,但并没有完全反映肺癌的本质生物学行为。本文认为真正反映肺癌本质生物学行为的是肺癌的组织学类型及分化程度等指标,传统的TNM分期系统应当进一步完善。     

肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究的科学方法论

肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究是肺癌与肿瘤干细胞学说交叉所形成的新研究领域,将根本改变临床肺癌防治的方式。反思从肿瘤干细胞学说的提出到肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究,树立自然辨证观念,用科学方法论指导肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究。     

肺保护策略机械通气的再评价

通常认为急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)患者应用肺保护策略机械通气可降低病死率,主要由于潮气量的降低。对已发表的随机对照研究再次分析,发现平台压与患者病死率明显相关。平台压低于30cmH2O时,潮气量可以在一定范围内增加,不影响患者预后。但选择小潮气量可能对病人有害。随机对照研究在试验设计、统计学分析、病人同质性等方面依然存在很多问题。从现有资料看,潮气量和平台压都很重要。     

非小细胞肺癌的综合诊治策略——NCCN肿瘤学临床实践指南（2006第二版）评析

肺癌目前位于世界肿瘤死亡原因的首位。肺癌的治疗应根据临床不同的分期,选择规范化的治疗方案。肺癌规范化综合治疗可使早期肺癌患者5年生存率达50%~70%左右。中晚期达到25%左右。美国NCCN肿瘤学临床实践指南在2006年发布了第二版非小细胞肺癌治疗方案,对于规范化治疗肺癌以及提高肺癌病人生存率和生存质量有着积极的意义。     

Juvenile prostitution and community rehabilitation: an exploratory analysis of beliefs and values

A community, juvenile prostitution rehabilitation programme in Bogotá, Colombia, South America is described; and beliefs and values of the residents were explored. Multiple sorting procedures and multi‐dimensional scaling analysis elicited qualitative, structured, self‐report data, and investigated cognitive constructs. Participants discriminated between belief‐statements along two global dimensions: street‐life and prostitution; and rehabilitation. These were comprised of qualitatively different elements. Clinical implications for interventions with this group and the rehabilitation programme are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.