压力性生活事件与青少年自尊：被动性社交网站使用和人生意义感的中介作用

采用青少年生活事件量表、被动性社交网站使用量表、生命意义感量表以及自尊量表对605名青少年施测,旨在探讨压力性生活事件对自尊的效应以及被动性社交网站使用和人生意义感的中介作用。结果发现：被动性社交网站使用和拥有人生意义感在压力性生活事件与自尊之间起中介作用,压力性生活事件分别通过被动性社交网站使用、拥有人生意义感的中介作用和被动性社交网站使用与拥有人生意义感的序列中介作用对自尊产生效应。     

成人在语境中的母语词汇意义学习

语境学习是成人获得词汇意义的主要方式, 大量研究者使用语境学习范式考察成人母语词汇意义学习的问题。已有研究将词汇意义学习分为两大阶段：习得词汇的对应概念阶段和将新词的意义整合到已有的语义网络中的阶段。基于词汇意义学习两大加工阶段中语境学习的相关研究, 梳理了词汇、语境、被试因素对成人词汇意义学习的影响, 指出未来研究需要进一步关注新概念学习、隐喻意义学习等问题。     

Existential Humanistic Therapy with Couples and its Effect on Meaning of Life and Love Attitudes

Abstract

The study aims to explain Existential Humanistic Therapy with Iranian Couples and its Effect on Meaning of Life and Love Attitudes. The population consists of all married couples who have referred to counseling centers, whom 20 couples have been sampled randomly. The sample received psychotherapy training in thirteen sessions. After collecting questionnaires, the results were analyzed by MANOVA multi-variance analysis. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of existential psychotherapy on the participants’ attitude toward meaning in life. The results show that the couples who received existential therapies search more efficiently for meaning in life and try to improve their love attitudes.     

Construction of a Meaning Effectiveness Model: A new interpretation of meaning in life

This paper aims to determine the precise meaning of the word “meaning” in the context of the sense of meaning and to explain the characteristics of meaning and meaning in life. Using ordinary language analysis and phenomenology, this paper defines meaning as the possibility of something to realize its goal: the effectiveness of a thing in realizing the goal. Thus, this paper aims to establish a Meaning Effectiveness Model (MEM), which regards meaning as a function of goal and effectiveness to explain the meaning phenomena, including degree, frequency, stability, adaptive functions, and emerging conditions of meaning. Within the framework of MEM, meaning in life is divided into meaning within life and the meaning of life itself, which have different characteristics. The relationship between the model and existing meaning theories is also discussed.     

真实场景视觉搜索中的背景线索效应特点与机制

背景线索效应揭示了个体在视觉搜索过程中对刺激之间具有的稳定空间关系（刺激间不变的相对空间位置）的学习能够提高搜索效率。本文基于经典背景线索效应在内隐习得空间布局的机制下结合真实场景视觉搜索的相关理论，对真实场景背景线索效应的实验范式、学习性质与内容进行归纳梳理，将真实场景视觉搜索中影响背景线索效应的视觉信息分为低水平物理特征及高水平语义信息两个维度进行论述。虽然当前研究涉及真实场景背景线索效应在不同场景维度信息的加工机制，但对于发挥作用的场景信息类别以及作用阶段还较少涉及，未来研究仍需进一步的探讨。     

Overcoming Relativism? Levinas's Return to Platonism

Emmanuel Levinas's concept of "the face of the Other" involves an ethical mandate that is presumably transcultural or, in his terms, "precultural." His essay "Meaning and Sense" provides his most explicit defense of the idea that the face has a meaning that is not culturally relative, though it is always encountered within some particular culture. Levinas identifies his position there as a "return to Platonism." Through a careful reading of that essay, exploring Levinas's use of religious terminology and the (some-times implicit) relationships of the essay to the work of other phenomenologists and of Saussure, the author seeks to clarify (1) what Levinas retains and what he rejects in returning to Platonism "in a new way," (2) the sense in which this return constitutes an "overcoming" of relativism, and (3) the nature of the phenomenological warrant that he offers for his position.     

Innovative Mental Health Treatment Alternatives for Women

No abstract available for this article.     

Meaning in life accounts for the association between long-term ostracism and depressive symptoms: The moderating role of self-compassion

ABSTRACT

According to the temporal need–threat model, ostracism results in three stages of responses. Research on the responses to ostracism has predominantly focused on the first two stages, and the literature needs further empirical evidence on responses to long-term ostracism. We conducted two studies to better understand the association between long-term ostracism and depressive symptoms. Study 1 found a positive association between long-term ostracism and depressive symptoms. More importantly, Study 1 found the threatened sense of meaning in life partially mediates the relationship. Study 2 further found that self-compassion, a positive and healthy trait, weakens the relationship between long-term ostracism and depressive symptoms. More specifically, self-compassion moderates the relationship between the threatened sense of meaning in life and depressive symptoms. Our findings not only further our understanding about the negative consequences of long-term ostracism but also suggest a possible way to mitigate depressive symptoms associated with long-term ostracism.     

The power of the written word: Comparing word meaning inferencing from auditory and written modalities throughout grade school

Previous research indicates that word learning from auditory contexts may be more effective than written context at least through fourth grade. However, no study has examined contextual differences in word learning in older school-aged children when reading abilities are more developed. Here we examined developmental differences in children’s ability to deduce the meanings of unknown words from the surrounding linguistic context in the auditory and written modalities and sought to identify the most important predictors of success in each modality. A total of 89 children aged 8–15 years were randomly assigned to either read or listen to a narrative that included eight novel words, with five exposures to each novel word. They then completed three posttests to assess word meaning inferencing. Children across all ages performed better in the written modality. Vocabulary was the only significant predictor of success on the word inferencing task. Results indicate support for written stimuli as the most effective modality for novel word meaning deduction. Our findings suggest that the presence of orthographic information facilitates novel word learning even for early, less proficient readers.     

Evolution of word meanings through metaphorical mapping: Systematicity over the past millennium

One way that languages are able to communicate a potentially infinite set of ideas through a finite lexicon is by compressing emerging meanings into words, such that over time, individual words come to express multiple, related senses of meaning. We propose that overarching communicative and cognitive pressures have created systematic directionality in how new metaphorical senses have developed from existing word senses over the history of English. Given a large set of pairs of semantic domains, we used computational models to test which domains have been more commonly the starting points (source domains) and which the ending points (target domains) of metaphorical mappings over the past millennium. We found that a compact set of variables, including externality, embodiment, and valence, explain directionality in the majority of about 5000 metaphorical mappings recorded over the past 1100 years. These results provide the first large-scale historical evidence that metaphorical mapping is systematic, and driven by measurable communicative and cognitive principles.