The Ahmadiyya and the Study of Comparative Religion in Indonesia: Controversies and Influences

As an organization of foreign origin, the existence and contribution of the Ahmadiyya in Indonesia has been a subject of debate. Some scholars ignore it completely as unimportant, while others consider that it has had significant influence. The contribution of the Ahmadiyya to Indonesian Islam most asserted by the movement itself is its efforts to check and respond to Christian missionary activity. In what way has the movement actually made a contribution to that effort? How widespread is the influence of the Ahmadiyya in the discourse on Christianity, in particular, and the study of comparative religion, in general, in Indonesia? Why has the Ahmadiyya paid more attention to the issue of Christianity than other Muslim groups? This article aims to answer these questions by analysing literature on Christianity written and distributed by the Ahmadiyya in Indonesia and the effect this has had on relations between Islam and Christianity in two fields – religious mission and academia. The article presents three propositions. First, Ahmadiyya literature, with its apologetic, polemical and controversial character, had a significant influence on the academic study of comparative religion during two periods of instability: the late colonial era and the first two decades after the declaration of independence in 1945. Second, Ahmadiyya literature on Christianity has been most influential through the way it sets out to create a sense of the superiority of Islam and its compatibility with modernity. Third, for the Ahmadiyya, the issue of Christianity, particularly the death of Jesus, has been used as evidence that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the second Messiah.     

肺微小浸润腺癌及浸润前病变HRCT影像特征

为总结肺微小浸润腺癌(MIA)、原位腺癌(AIS)及不典型腺瘤样增生(AAH)结节的HRCT影像特征,回顾性收集43例术前2周内行HRCT检查、经胸腔镜切除、组织病理学证实的50个肺结节,分析结节大小、成分及内部特征.结果显示所有AAH表现为纯磨玻璃结节(pGGN),且≤1.0cm,空气支气管征未见,空泡征少见;86％AIS表现为pGGN,71％的AIS≤1.0cm,且空泡征常见(相对于AAH);95％的MIA表现为混合磨玻璃结节(mGGN),其余为实性结节,90％的MIA＞1.0cm,空气支气管征常见(相对于AIS).因此结节的大小、成分、空泡征及空气支气管征在一定程度上有助于MIA、AIS及AAH的鉴别.     

L’affaire Lambert

In the case Lambert, the Council of State (high court of the Public law) finished a long trial. The question concerned the power of medical decision: family? doctor? judge? The European Court of Human Rights disputes its solution.     

The core of religious education: Finnish student teachers’ pedagogical aims

This article investigated the core of religious education (RE) by examining Finnish student teachers’ pedagogical aims in the context of Lutheran RE. The data consisted of essays (N=82) analysed in a deductive manner using the main concepts of the didactic triangle together with the aims of the Finnish National Core Curriculum. The student teachers identified familiarising oneself with one’s own and other religions in addition to growing ethically and understanding the religious dimension of life as the core goals of RE. By attaining these goals, pupils may also achieve the higher order aims of RE and cross-curricular goals of the curriculum. A teacher’s pedagogical and moral competence as well as expertise in subject matter was emphasised, and the pedagogical relation with students was also seen as important. A deeper understanding of pupils and the importance of a didactic relation in teaching were identified as pedagogical aims that need to be pursued further.     

La qualité de la relation leader/membre et les comportements innovants : le rôle modérateur de la résistance au changement

Researchers have proposed that high quality of supervisor–employee relationships (Basu & Green, 1997; Scott & Bruce, 1994; Sanders, Moorkamp, Torka, Groeneveld & Groeneveld, 2010) fosters innovative behaviour. Moreover, researchers have acknowledged that this relationship is not clear (Rosing, Frese & Bausch, 2011; Volmer, Spurk & Niessen, 2012). The present study aims at testing the moderating role of resistance to change in the LMX-innovative behaviour relationship. Results of a study based on 160 participants from an organization provide empirical support to this hypothesis.     

The association of physical activity to occipito-temporal processing during face recognition

ObjectivesThis study examined the association between physical activity level and primitive cognitive processing during a face recognition task in young adults, a topic that has received little attention.DesignCross-sectional.MethodsThe face recognition task required participants to respond to famous faces but not respond to unfamiliar faces. Task performance and several occipito-temporal event-related brain potentials reflecting the various stages of face processing, from perceptual encoding (N170) to recognition (N250 and face-N400), were assessed during the face recognition task.ResultsAlthough analyses revealed no significant group differences in behavioral performance measures, neuroelectric data showed different time courses of face recognition processes between groups. Active individuals exhibited larger N250 amplitude, reflecting an early stage of facial recognition, for famous relative to unfamiliar faces, whereas inactive individuals did not exhibit such a difference.ConclusionsThese findings are suggestive of a possible association between physical activity and relatively early, primitive cognitive processes.     

Supervisor social skill and supervision outcome

Background: The practice of clinical supervision is considered an effective procedure to achieve a variety of professional outcomes for supervisees. Supervisory alliance mediates many of the learning outcomes thought important for effective supervision. Therefore, it is important to identity supervisor characteristics that relate to the capacity to develop a positive supervisory alliance and achieve supervision outcome. Aim: Supervisor interpersonal skill was investigated as a characteristic involved with both supervisee assessment of supervisory alliance and learning outcomes of supervision. Method: Forty supervisors completed assessments for interpersonal skill and provided 8 sessions of supervision to 50 supervisees. Supervisees completed assessments for supervisory alliance and supervision evaluation. Findings: Supervisor interpersonal skill predicted supervisee rated supervisory alliance and supervision outcome. Implications: Supervisor interpersonal skill is important for the capacity to develop a positive supervisory alliance and manage the learning environment of supervision.     

The Effect of Propensity Scores on DIF Analysis: Inference on the Potential Cause of DIF

Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis is important in terms of test fairness. While DIF analyses have mainly been conducted with manifest grouping variables, such as gender or race/ethnicity, it has been recently claimed that not only the grouping variables but also contextual variables pertaining to examinees should be considered in DIF analyses. This study adopted propensity scores to incorporate the contextual variables into the gender DIF analysis. In this study, propensity scores were used to control for the contextual variables that potentially affect the gender DIF. Subsequent DIF analyses with the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) procedure and the Logistic Regression (LR) model were run with the propensity score applied reference (males) and focal groups (females) through propensity score matching. The propensity score embedded MH model and LR model detected fewer number of gender DIF than the conventional MH and LR models. The propensity score embedded models, as a confirmatory approach in DIF analysis, could contribute to hypothesizing an inference on the potential cause of DIF. Also, salient advantages of propensity score embedded DIF analysis models are discussed.