Change and Management of Complex Services: The Ethno-narrative Form to Support Good Living and Working Together

Nowadays, managing change in complex services requires that middle management re-designs its objects and professional practices, in order to cope with new needs. It seems therefore crucial to activate training settings that allow managers to: (1) develop research and analytical skills on their own work practices and professional objects; (2) face and manage conflict, related to every change, that represents an opportunity to reflect and review one's own practices; and (3) build new and shared repertories of managerial practices, able to support a better form of living and working together within the management community. Moving from these hypotheses, inside the setting of a training intervention conducted in an educational service, the article discusses a specific tool used to generate opportunity of exchange, and reflection, within a challenging framework of change.     

Eye Movements in Strategic Choice

In risky and other multiattribute choices, the process of choosing is well described by random walk or drift diffusion models in which evidence is accumulated over time to threshold. In strategic choices, level‐k and cognitive hierarchy models have been offered as accounts of the choice process, in which people simulate the choice processes of their opponents or partners. We recorded the eye movements in 2 × 2 symmetric games including dominance‐solvable games like prisoner's dilemma and asymmetric coordination games like stag hunt and hawk–dove. The evidence was most consistent with the accumulation of payoff differences over time: we found longer duration choices with more fixations when payoffs differences were more finely balanced, an emerging bias to gaze more at the payoffs for the action ultimately chosen, and that a simple count of transitions between payoffs—whether or not the comparison is strategically informative—was strongly associated with the final choice. The accumulator models do account for these strategic choice process measures, but the level‐k and cognitive hierarchy models do not. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Braine心理逻辑理论述评

该文对Braine提出的在推理心理学研究领域占居重要地位的“心理逻辑理论”做了综合述评。“心理逻辑理论”主要包括三方面内容:构成“心理逻辑理论”基础的一组推理规则图式、将推理规则图式应用于推理过程的推理方案、实际应用意义。Braine认为他和他的同事于1984年设计并实施的以“自然推理系统”所含各推理规则为实验材料的实验结果支持该理论的基本观点。     

支付与报复：成本形式对第三方惩罚的影响

第三方惩罚不仅对惩罚成本的数量敏感,也对成本形式敏感。在保持成本数量相等的情况下,不同形式的惩罚成本会对第三方惩罚的频率产生不同影响。相较支付形式,当惩罚成本采取报复形式时,被试的第三方惩罚频率显著下降。进一步的实验表明,惩罚频率的变化并非因为不同的成本形式所隐含的风险水平有所差异,而是因为被试对不同的成本形式赋予了不同的主观价值。进一步探索更多形式的惩罚成本是未来研究的重要方向。     

中国青少年积极发展量表（简版）的编制：基于一个大样本数据

中国青少年积极发展量表是一个多维度的测评青少年发展过程中积极特性（即品格、能力、自信和联结）的量表,共98个项目。为提高量表的应用推广性,本研究基于一个大样本数据（n=16317, M_年龄=13.13岁, SD=2.52岁）创建了一个该量表的简化版本。通过一系列的验证性因素分析、项目筛选、信效度检验以及交叉验证,简化后量表共48个项目。结果显示,简版量表与原始完整版量表有足够的概念重合度和剖面相似性,且具有可以接受的信效度和测量结构的等值性。     

作文前计划的时间因素对前计划效应的影响

采用自然实验与实验室实验相结合的方法,通过两个实验探讨作文前计划的时间因素对前计划效应的影响。结果发现,作文方式决定前计划用时,前计划用时影响前计划效应,前计划效应决定前计划形式的作用。这一结果表明,在既有前计划又有外部视觉表征的情况下,前计划本身在前计划时限与前计划形式的关系中起着决定性的作用。因为前计划的存在,使外部视觉表征的作用呈现出更为复杂的情况,从而表现为长时限前计划即充分前计划条件下,外部视觉表征具有重要意义,短时限前计划即不充分前计划条件下,计划比外部视觉表征更具价值。     

视觉词形加工：从脑区到神经通路

视觉词形加工是阅读机制中的重要环节。基于获得性阅读障碍的早期阅读“神经病学模型”对视觉词形加工的神经通路进行了描述。近年来,随着脑功能成像技术的发展和左梭状回中部视觉词形区的发现,研究者们对原有视觉词形加工的神经通路加以补充和修订,并提出了新的模型。该文对视觉词形加工障碍患者的神经心理学研究和正常人视觉词形加工的脑功能成像研究进行了总结,并讨论了研究的局限性,对今后该领域的发展方向进行展望     

内容类别与表征方式对判定THOG问题的影响

用两因素完全随机实验方法研究了“内容类别”与“表征方式”两个因素对被试判定THOG过程中的作用。结果表明 ,被试正确解决THOG问题的成绩与用抽象内容或用具体内容来构建问题无显著差异 ,但主词是否一致的不同表征方式对被试解决这类问题的成绩有显著影响     

RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN AN ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC CULTURE

Abstract. These are reflections on the Arkansas creationist trial by a witness for the American Civil Liberties Union. The following points are stressed: First, religion took the lead in defending science at the trial. Second, the appearance of creation science is a function not only of Protestant fudamentalism but also of the establishment of science in our wider culture. It represents a "deviant science" in such a culture. Third, our century has manifested many such bizarre unions of ideological religion and modern science. This shows that science is dependent upon its humanistic, moral, and religious matrix for its social and historical health. Fourth, part of the cause of the rise of creation science has been the power, status, and self–assurance of science that it represents "the only form of truth." Fifth, religion in turn tends both to increase and to become fanatical in advanced and precarious cultures; religion, therefore, needs rational and moral criticism if it would help in the creation of social health.