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71.
When placed in a novel environment, mice tend to explore for a period of time, and then reduce the level of exploration. This reduction in locomotor or exploratory behavior is known as habituation and can occur within a single session or across sessions, respectively, termed intrasession and intersession habituation. Recent research indicates that there is a genetic component to habituation behavior and that some of the genes involved differ between the two types of habituation. The genetic evidence also suggests that intrasession habituation and intersession habituation are measuring somewhat different conceptual entities and with more such evidence may eventually help us understand the different pathways involved. Some of the genetic methods and tools used to unravel the roles of specific genes in both types of habituation are outlined here, with examples from the literature, as well as new data, to illustrate that this seemingly simple behavior is actually very complicated in terms of genetics. Evidence to date suggests that a number of genetic regions play roles in one or both types of habituation, and further research will be necessary to determine the specific genes involved. 相似文献
72.
Kristin G. Maki 《Personal Relationships》2020,27(3):592-612
Social support and strain have been linked with many health outcomes. However, less is known about whether these psychosocial factors are associated with Type 2 diabetes risk. This study uses the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) dataset to examine the relationship between social support and strain from friends, family members, and spouse/partners and blood hemoglobin A1c levels in married/cohabiting adults who have not been diagnosed with diabetes. In addition, health locus of control is examined as a possible mediator. The study's findings suggest that support from friends is negatively associated with HbA1c levels, indicating a relationship between better glycemic control and social support from friends, and an indirect association for spouse/partner support. A direct effect for internal health locus of control was also found. 相似文献
73.
Jianfeng Zhao Avraam A. Konstantinidis Guozheng Kang 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2015,95(6):340-349
The internal length is the governing parameter in strain gradient theories which among other things have been used successfully to interpret size effects at the microscale. Physically, the internal length is supposed to be related with the microstructure of the material and evolves during the deformation. Based on Taylor hardening law, we propose a power-law relationship to describe the evolution of the variable internal length with strain. Then, the classical Fleck–Hutchinson strain gradient theory is extended with a strain-dependent internal length, and the generalized Fleck–Hutchinson theory is confirmed here, by comparing our model predictions to recent experimental data on tension and torsion of thin wires with varying diameter and grain size. Our work suggests that the internal length is a configuration-dependent parameter, closely related to dislocation characteristics and grain size, as well as sample geometry when this affects either the underlying microstructure or the ductility of the material. 相似文献
74.
75.
Adolescents of today grow up in a connected world. While online communication offers great opportunities, it can also have negative impact on adolescents' life. In this work, we are interested in the use of online communication tools to share and create cyberhate content. Anchored in the general strain theory, we studied how social support (i.e., parental, peers and teacher support) may be related to cyberhate perpetration. We further tested how personal characteristics such as empathy, self-esteem and anxiety could predict the propensity to be involved as cyberhate perpetrators. We collected self-reported questionnaires of 1019 French young people (13.04 years; ranging from 9 to 17) and measured their perceived (a) parental, (b) peers and (c) teachers' support as well as their (d) empathy/benevolence, (e) self-esteem and (f) anxiety. We also measured cyberhate perpetration and the association between perpetration, social support and personal characteristics. Our results highlight that parental and teacher support represent protective factors for cyberhate perpetration. Our results further suggest that self-esteem is negatively linked to the propensity to cyberhate perpetration. 相似文献
76.
Heather L. Scheuerman 《Deviant behavior》2013,34(11):1349-1371
ABSTRACTGender and race condition perceptions of and responses to injustice associated with strain. Yet, it is unclear how various types of injustice (distributive, procedural, and interactional) affect criminal coping by gender and race – especially among Asians and whites. A vignette of an academic group project that depicted a distributive injustice and manipulated procedural and interactional injustice was randomly assigned to a sample of undergraduates. Analyses reveal that injustice is associated with Asian and white males engaging in different types of deviance. Implications for the relationship that gender and race have in affecting perceptions of and responses to injustice are discussed. 相似文献
77.
Christian Maggiori Claire S. Johnston Franciska Krings Koorosh Massoudi Jérôme Rossier 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2013,83(3):437-449
This study, conducted with a representative sample of employed and unemployed adults living in Switzerland (N = 2002), focuses on work conditions (in terms of professional insecurity and job demands), career adaptability, and professional and general well-being. Analyses of covariance highlighted that both unemployed and employed participants with low job insecurity reported higher scores on career adaptability and several dimensions (notably on control) than employed participants with high job insecurity. Moreover, structural equation modeling for employed participants showed that, independent of work conditions, adaptability resources were positively associated both with general and professional well-being. As expected professional outcomes were strongly related to job strain and professional insecurity, emphasizing the central role of the work environment. Finally, career adaptability partially mediated the relationship between job strain and professional insecurity, and the outcome well-being. 相似文献
78.
The behaviour of vacancies during isothermal ageing following quenching of an Al-1.7at.% Mg-1.1at.% Cu alloy has been studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. The positron lifetime parameters vary in parallel with the Vickers hardness of the alloy, suggesting simultaneous migration of vacancies and changes in the size and concentration of vacancies containing clusters and dislocation loops. The results also explain the long hardness plateau observed previously in ageing experiments carried out between 100 and 240°C in terms of a continuous growth of Mg-Cu-vacancy clusters during ageing. The vacancy concentration of the clusters increases gradually until the setting in of the cluster Guinier-Preston-Bagaryatsky zone transformation. 相似文献
79.
Fine-grained copper films on a flexible substrate were cyclically deformed under constant strain range control. It was found that cyclic dislocation plasticity through individual dislocation glide is still dominant at the submicrometer scale, while the ability of irreversible slip of dislocations gradually decreases and the damage was changed from extrusion-induced localization to cracking along grain boundary. Statistical evaluation of the mean spacing between slip bands and/or lines leads to a critical scale (~28 nm) below which dislocation-controlled cyclic strain localization would be shut down. 相似文献
80.