文章标记效应的初步实验研究

探讨文章阅读过程中文章宏观标记与微观标记对文章不同类型信息保持的影响．包括两个实验。结果表明,文章宏观标记对文章主题信息的保持有显著的促进效应,而且,这种促进效应可以扩散到从属信息的保持上;文章微观标记对文章主题信息的保持无明显的促进效应,对被标记的文章具体信息的保持则有显著的促进效应。但不存在扩散效应。本研究结果初步表明,读者利用文章宏观标记建构文章主题的表征,并且以一种自上而下的方式指导文章信息的回忆;通过利用文章微观标记建构文章具体信息的表征,指导具体信息的回忆。     

关于动力系统中自我强化和学生期待对学习效率影响的实验研究

本实验考察了在教学活动中,动力系统中自我强化和学生期待两因素与中学生学习效率的关系。结果表明：在其它教学条件相同的情况下,适当地、适时地满足学生期待对初中生学习效率的提高有较明显的作用,而对高中学生则作用不明显;对中学生进行自我强化的训练,有助于高中生学习效率的提高,而对初中生学习效率的作用则不明显;实验中未出现交互作用。     

视知觉组织在整体知觉中的作用--脑损伤病人的实验研究

本实验研究大脑损伤如何影响复合图形的整体知觉。三例病人脑损伤部位分别在大脑枕区、顶区、颞区、额区及基底节和豆状核。复合图形被呈现给病人和正常对照被试。强迫选择识别等任务表明,当空间相邻性决定局部图形的知觉组织时,病人识别整体性质的正确率高于(ZD和FL)或略底于(GK)识别局部性质的正确率;当形状相似性决定局部图形的知觉组织时,病人识别整体性质的正确率显著降低,而识别局部性质的正确率受到的影响较小。在同样的任务中正常被试识别整体和局部性质的正确率受知觉组织因素的影响很小。这些结果提示大脑损伤对整体知觉的破坏可能主要通过影响基于形状相似性的知觉组织实现。     

Handling Locally Stratified Inconsistent Knowledge Bases

This paper investigates the idea of reasoning, in a local (or contextual) way, under prioritized and possibly inconsistent knowledge bases. Priorities are not supposed to be given globally between all the beliefs in the knowledge base, but locally inside sets of pieces of information responsible for inconsistencies. This local stratification offers more flexibility for representing priorities between beliefs. Given this local ordering, we discuss five basic definitions of influence relations between conflicts. These elementary notions of influence between two conflicts A and B exhaustively explore the situations where solving A leads to solve B. Then we propose natural approaches to restore the coherence of a knowledge base on the basis of influence relations between locally-stratified conflicts.     

A re‐examination of probability matching and rational choice

In a typical probability learning task participants are presented with a repeated choice between two response alternatives, one of which has a higher payoff probability than the other. Rational choice theory requires that participants should eventually allocate all their responses to the high‐payoff alternative, but previous research has found that people fail to maximize their payoffs. Instead, it is commonly observed that people match their response probabilities to the payoff probabilities. We report three experiments on this choice anomaly using a simple probability learning task in which participants were provided with (i) large financial incentives, (ii) meaningful and regular feedback, and (iii) extensive training. In each experiment large proportions of participants adopted the optimal response strategy and all three of the factors mentioned above contributed to this. The results are supportive of rational choice theory. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Choice preferences without inferences: subconscious priming of risk attitudes

We present a procedure for subconscious priming of risk attitudes. In Experiment 1, we were reliably able to induce risk‐seeking or risk‐averse preferences across a range of decision scenarios using this priming procedure. In Experiment 2, we showed that these priming effects can be reversed by drawing participants' attention to the priming event. Our results support claims that the formation of risk preferences can be based on preconscious processing, as for example postulated by the affective primacy hypothesis, rather than rely on deliberative mental operations, as posited by several current models of judgment and decision making. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Information-Seeking Practices during the Sexual Development of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals: The Influence and Effects of Coming Out in a Mediated Environment

Constructing a sexual identity is one of the major developmental tasks of adolescence. Applying the Media Practice Model, this study retrospectively examines how self-identifying lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals used media during the commencement of the coming-out process and the effects of media use during this pivotal time of development. Results indicate that the Internet plays a critical role in the development of LGB sexual identities. Heavy users of media during the coming-out process are significantly less likely to communicate openly with their families later in life. However, individuals’ reports of loneliness and self-esteem are not affected. Conclusions suggest that mediated forms of communication can be beneficial for sexual exploration among LGB individuals.     

强化敏感性人格理论述评

Gray的强化敏感性理论尝试从人类神经生理机制的角度来解释人格差异。该理论认为,在中枢神经系统内存在一些子系统,分别对奖励和惩罚的刺激信号敏感,并通过强化效应调节人们的行为和动机。目前研究者已开发出强化敏感性的测量方法,并进行了一系列实证研究。但随着研究的深入,该理论的局限逐渐暴露出来。针对这些局限,未来的研究应致力于：（1）用生理指标来验证理论假设;（2）探讨反映强化敏感性的特质;（3）考察认知因素与生物因素的交互作用     

情绪信息的多通道整合

自然环境中人类情绪信息的交流是依靠多个感觉通道实现的,多通道整合是情绪加工的基础。近年来的行为学、电生理学与神经成像的研究表明,情绪信息的加工具有跨通道自动整合的特点,它发生在认知加工的早期阶段,与颞上回、颞中回、海马旁回和丘脑等脑区密切相关。不同情绪的整合既有共同的神经基础,又有各自独特的加工区域。情绪信息的整合机制还可能与加工类型及注意资源有关。在未来研究中,实验的标准化、动态化、自然化有助于提高研究的准确性和研究间的可比性,而对特殊群体的研究,以及综合研究情绪加工与注意等其他认知过程则有助于我们进一步探索多通道整合的神经机制。