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11.
Two new tests for a model for the response times on pure speed tests by Rasch (1960) are proposed. The model is based on the
assumption that the test response times are approximately gamma distributed, with known index parameters and unknown rate
parameters. The rate parameters are decomposed in a subject ability parameter and a test difficulty parameter. By treating
the ability as a gamma distributed random variable, maximum marginal likelihood (MML) estimators for the test difficulty parameters
and the parameters of the ability distribution are easily derived. Also the model tests proposed here pertain to the framework
of MML. Two tests or modification indices are proposed. The first one is focused on the assumption of local stochastic independence,
the second one on the assumption of the test characteristic functions. The tests are based on Lagrange multiplier statistics,
and can therefore be computed using the parameter estimates under the null model. Therefore, model violations for all items
and pairs of items can be assessed as a by-product of one single estimation run. Power studies and applications to real data
are included as numerical examples. 相似文献
12.
On Some Varieties of MTL-algebras 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
13.
By regarding the latent random vectors as hypothetical missing data and based on the conditional expectation of the complete-data
log-likelihood function in the EM algorithm, we investigate assessment of local influence of various perturbation schemes
in a nonlinear structural equation model. The basic building blocks of local influence analysis are computed via observations
of the latent variables generated by the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, while the diagnostic measures are obtained via the
conformal normal curvature. Seven perturbation schemes, including some perturbation schemes on latent vectors, are investigated.
The proposed procedure is illustrated by a simulation study and a real example.
Acknowledgment: This research is fully supported by a grant (CUHK 4243/02H) from the Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong
Special Administration Region. The authors are indebted to ICPSR and the relevant funding agency for allowing use of their
data, and to the Editor and reviewers for their valuable comments for improving the paper. 相似文献
14.
Sigmund Loland 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》1999,2(2):159-178
This paper is a case study of what Jon Elster calls "local justice"; particular schemes of justice which, on a relatively autonomous basis, are designed and implemented by institutions and practices to meet particular preferences and goals. The paper suggests an interpretation of the role of justice in sporting games. First, a framework for examinations of schemes of local justice is suggested. Second, norms are suggested that express the requirements that have to be met in order to consider a sporting game as just. The discussion shows that sports are characterized by a particular blend of meritocratic justice in which goods and burdens are distributed according to performance, and a non-meritocratic distribution through which goods and burdens arise as matters of chance. The essay concludes by arguing that the optimal blend of meritocratic justice and chance results in the realization of not merely fair sporting games, but of exciting and good games as well. 相似文献
15.
Macdonall J 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1999,71(1):57-74
Concurrent procedures may be conceptualized as consisting of two pairs of schedules with only one pair operating at a time. One schedule of each pair arranges reinforcers for staying in the current alternative, and the other schedule arranges reinforcers for switching to the other alternative. These pairs alternate operation as the animal switches between choices. This analysis of the contingencies suggests that variables operating within an alternative produce behavior that conforms to the generalized matching law. Rats were exposed to one pair of stay and switch schedules in each condition, and the probabilities of reinforcement varied across conditions. Both run length and visit duration were power functions of the ratio of the probabilities of reinforcement for staying and switching. The local model, a model of performance on concurrent procedures, was derived from this power function. Performance on concurrent schedules was synthesized from the performances on the separate pairs. Both the generalized matching law and the local model fitted the synthesized concurrent performances. These results are consistent with the view that the contingencies in the alternative, the probability of stay and switch reinforcement, are responsible for performance consistent with the generalized matching law. These results are compatible with momentary maximizing and molar maximizing accounts of concurrent performance. Models of concurrent performance that posit comparisons among the alternatives are not easily applied to these results. 相似文献
16.
Participants made categorical or coordinate spatial judgments on the global or local elements of shapes. Stimuli were composed of a horizontal line and two dots. In the Categorical task, participants judged whether the line was above or below the dots. In the Coordinate task, they judged whether the line would fit between the dots. Stimuli were made hierarchical so that the global patterns composed of a “global line” made of local dots-and-line units, and “global dot” made of a single dots-and-line unit. The results indicated that the categorical task was better performed when participants attended to the local level of the hierarchical stimuli. On the other hand, the coordinate task was better performed when they attended to the global level. These findings are consistent with computer simulation models of the attentional modulation of neuronal receptive fields’ size suggesting that (1) coordinate spatial relations are more efficiently encoded when one attends to a relatively large region of space, whereas (2) categorical spatial relations are more efficiently encoded when one attends to a relatively small region of space. 相似文献
17.
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19.
Alerting enhances attentional bias for salient stimuli: Evidence from a global/local processing task
The present study examined the role of alerting in modulating attentional bias to salient events. In a global/local processing task, participants were presented with a large arrow (global level) comprised of smaller arrows (local level) pointing in the same or opposite directions and had to indicate the direction of the large or small arrows in different blocks. Saliency of the global and local levels was manipulated, creating global-salient and local-salient conditions. Alerting signals were presented in half of the trials prior to the target. Results revealed a double dissociation in the effects of alerting on global/local interference effects. In a global salient condition, alerting increased global interference and decreased local interference. In a local salient condition, alerting reduced global interference and increased local interference. We demonstrate that within a single task, alerting can increase and reduce conflict based on perceptual saliency. These findings help to better understand disorders like hemispatial neglect in which both arousal and attention to salient events are impaired. These results also challenge previous theories suggesting that alerting acts to increase conflict interference. We argue that alerting is an adaptive mechanism that diverts attention to salient events, but comes at a cost when selective attention to less salient details is required. 相似文献
20.
Nigel Rooms 《Dialog》2014,53(4):336-344
The author's personal journey in discovering, developing, researching and practicing adult theological education in the church is rehearsed, pointing out key learning moments along the way. Out of this praxis seven theses are offered that set an agenda for theological education in the new missional era in which the church finds itself. 相似文献