语篇理解中语境对代词理解的影响

该研究考察了语篇理解中整体语境和局部语境对代词理解的影响。向被试呈现语篇,其中包括带有语义偏向的整体语境和局部语境以及代词。要求被试判断代词的所指。结果发现,当代词和整体语境出现时,被试并不立刻判断,等局部语境也出现以后,才判断代词的先行词。这一结果支持“首先建立句子袭征,再把句子表征与语篇表征相整合”的分阶段加工观点。     

Sustained attention to local and global target features is different: Performance and tympanic membrane temperature

Vision researchers have investigated the differences between global and local feature perception. No one has, however, examined the role of global and local feature discrimination in sustained attention tasks. In this experiment participants performed a sustained attention task requiring either global or local letter target discriminations or watched the same displays without any work imperative. Reaction time to targets was slower when global feature discriminations were required than when local feature discriminations were required. Tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) was utilized in this study as an index of cerebral activation. Participants in the global letter detection condition had elevated post-task right TMT, indicative of reduced cerebral activation in the right hemisphere, in comparison to participants in the local letter detection or no-work imperative conditions. Both the performance and physiological results of this study indicate increased cognitive fatigue when global feature discriminations are required.     

Combining diversity and dispersion criteria for anticlustering: A bicriterion approach

Most partitioning methods used in psychological research seek to produce homogeneous groups (i.e., groups with low intra-group dissimilarity). However, there are also applications where the goal is to provide heterogeneous groups (i.e., groups with high intra-group dissimilarity). Examples of these anticlustering contexts include construction of stimulus sets, formation of student groups, assignment of employees to project work teams, and assembly of test forms from a bank of items. Unfortunately, most commercial software packages are not equipped to accommodate the objective criteria and constraints that commonly arise for anticlustering problems. Two important objective criteria for anticlustering based on information in a dissimilarity matrix are: a diversity measure based on within-cluster sums of dissimilarities; and a dispersion measure based on the within-cluster minimum dissimilarities. In many instances, it is possible to find a partition that provides a large improvement in one of these two criteria with little (or no) sacrifice in the other criterion. For this reason, it is of significant value to explore the trade-offs that arise between these two criteria. Accordingly, the key contribution of this paper is the formulation of a bicriterion optimization problem for anticlustering based on the diversity and dispersion criteria, along with heuristics to approximate the Pareto efficient set of partitions. A motivating example and computational study are provided within the framework of test assembly.     

视觉信息加工中的整体优先性

该文综述了视知觉的整体优先性理论,以及关于整体优先性机制的理论及其面临的困难,特别介绍了本文作者近年来开展的一系列关于整体优先性的行为和事件相关电位研究结果,以及根据这些结果提出的一个基于知觉组织和选择性注意相互作用的复合刺激加工的理论模型。     

Recent research on emergent verbal behavior: clinical applications and future directions

This paper describes recent studies that have evaluated the functional independence of verbal operants. Procedures that facilitate the emergence of untrained verbal operants and important areas of future research to increase efficiency of language programs for children diagnosed with developmental disabilities are discussed.     

Independent and interdependent self‐construals: Ramifications for a multicultural society1

Abstract: This study examined American students, Japanese students in Japan, and Japanese students in the USA. First, it examined whether respondents’ scale for independent and interdependent construals of the self (SII) scores would vary depending on the type of relationship (i.e., family members, friends, or peers at the student's university) posited by the instructions. It was found that the SII score of each of the three groups changed depending on the relationship. Second, the relationship between SII scores, perceived conflict, and self‐efficacy were examined. It was found that self‐efficacy was highest among the American students, followed by the Japanese students in the USA, and lowest among the Japanese students in Japan. Self‐efficacy was correlated to independent and interdependent construals of the self. Third, the respondents’ preferences for expressiveness in communication were analyzed. The results of this study showed that there was a difference between the American students and both groups of Japanese students in their preference for three communication styles (independent, mixed, interdependent‐type). Finally, the relationship between intercultural sensitivity, as measured by the intercultural sensitivity inventory, and self‐efficacy were examined. Intercultural sensitivity was shown to have a positive correlation to general self‐efficacy.     

Notes on selective influence, probabilistic causality, and probabilistic dimensionality

The paper provides conceptual clarifications for the issues related to the dependence of jointly distributed systems of random entities on external factors. This includes the theory of selective influence as proposed in Dzhafarov [(2003a). Selective influence through conditional independence. Psychometrika, 68, 7-26] and generalized versions of the notions of probabilistic causality [Suppes, P., & Zanotti, M. (1981). When are probabilistic explanations possible? Synthese, 48, 191-199] and dimensionality in the latent variable models [Levine, M. V. (2003). Dimension in latent variable models. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 47, 450-466]. One of the basic observations is that any system of random entities whose joint distribution depends on a factor set can be represented by functions of two arguments: a single factor-independent source of randomness and the factor set itself. In the case of random variables (i.e., real-valued random entities endowed with Borel sigma-algebras) the single source of randomness can be chosen to be any random variable with a continuous distribution (e.g., uniformly distributed between 0 and 1).     

浅谈门诊手术中局部麻醉的彻底性

门诊手术没有麻醉师的介入,容易存在局部麻醉不彻底的情况。随着医学模式的转变,门诊手术中必须保证局部麻醉的彻底性。外科医师需要从人文关怀的角度出发,结合好几个具体环节,做到彻底的局部麻醉,才能赢得病人的终生信任。     

Adaptive preferences: merging political accounts and well-being accounts

Accounts of adaptive preferences are of two kinds: well-being accounts fully theorized for their own sake and political accounts theorized to facilitate the political project of reducing oppression and marginalization. Given their practical role, the latter are often less fully theorized, and are therefore less robust to theoretical criticism. In this paper, I first draw on well-being accounts to identify the well-theorized elements that political accounts should want to adopt in order to strengthen their project and avoid common criticisms. Second, I appeal to the political project to show the shortcomings of the well-being accounts on which I draw.