整体语境和局部语境对代词理解的影响

通过眼动实验,考察了语篇理解中整体语境和局部语境对代词理解的影响。实验一是预备实验,发现名词与动词词组之间关系的典型性不同,整合的速度也不一样。实验二发现,代词的理解不是一次完成的,代词理解的初期受整体语境的语义偏向影响,而不受局部语境的影响。在第二阶段主要受到局部语境的影响。代词的理解过程比较符合Cook（2004）所提出的两阶段模型     

韵律特征对句法结构歧义解歧作用的实验研究

本研究通过对不同类型歧义句的语义理解实验并结合声学参数测量分析研究了韵律特征对不同类型歧义句的解歧作用,同时对韵律特征消解层次切分歧义的机制问题进行了深入探讨。实验结果表明,韵律对不同类型歧义句解歧效果不一。对层次切分歧义句的深入研究表明,歧义音节的前后停顿时长是消解层次切分歧义的最主要的手段。     

生物运动加工特异性：整体结构和局部运动的作用

人类具有很强的识别生物体运动信息的能力, 甚至当运动信息仅是由附着在头部和一些重要关节上的光点的运动组成时, 观察者对该信息检测和编码的优势依然存在。光点生物运动信息包含整体信息(如整体形状)和局部信息(如各个点的运动轨迹)。先前的绝大部分研究强调整体形状在生物运动知觉中的作用。最近有研究表明去除了整体结构信息的局部生物运动仍然存在加工优势, 揭示了局部生物运动本身可能包含了一些特异性信息。因此生物运动知觉并非单一现象, 而是一种具有不同加工机制(基于整体结构和基于局部运动)的多水平现象。     

Influence analysis of ranking data

This paper develops diagnostic measures to identify those observations in Thurstonian models for ranking data which unduly influence parameter estimates that are obtained by the partition maximum likelihood approach of Chan and Bentler (1998). Diagnostic measures are constructed by employing the local influence approach that uses geometric techniques to assess the effect of small perturbations on a postulated statistical model. Very little additional effort is required to compute the proposed diagnostic measures, because all of the necessary building blocks are readily available after a usual fit of the model. The work described in this paper was partially supported by the grants from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (RGC Ref. No. CUHK4186/98P and RGC Direct Grant ID2060178). The authors are grateful to the Editor and four anonymous referees for their helpful comments.     

人脑眶额皮质表征奖赏信息的进展

文章围绕人脑眶额皮质在表征奖赏信息上的核心作用展开,分别从人脑眶额皮质表征奖赏信息的共同神经表征和特异性神经表征特点,奖赏加工和该脑区局部形态特征之间的关系以及眶额皮质表征奖赏信息的时间动态性等角度对最近的重要研究进展进行了一定的梳理和概括。最后,文章讨论了未来研究需要解决的由奖赏类型多样性和脑区间奖赏信息整合复杂性带来的系列问题。     

心理疲劳对射击运动员整体局部加工的不同影响

采用整体—局部任务范式,通过事件相关电位技术（ERPs）同时结合问卷测量,考察心理疲劳对射击运动员整体加工和局部加工产生的影响。12名射击运动员参加实验。首先通过目标追踪任务诱发心理疲劳,然后使用心理疲劳问卷评估心理疲劳程度,再让被试进行整体—局部加工任务。结果发现：（1）目标追踪任务能够有效地诱发心理疲劳;（2）射击运动员完成整体知觉任务的反应时更快,准确率更高;（3）在心理疲劳状态下,射击运动员对整体知觉任务中一致条件的反应更快,准确率更高,在额区和中央区引发的N2、P3波幅更高;但是,对局部知觉任务中一致和不一致条件的反应时和准确率以及N2、P3波幅之间的差异不显著。这些结果表明,心理疲劳对整体和局部加工有着不同的影响。整体加工相对自动化,受心理疲劳的影响较小,而局部加工依赖于有意搜索,受心理疲劳的影响较大。研究揭示了心理疲劳对于注意的局部加工的影响及其神经关联,对未来射击运动员特定干预措施设计具有启发意义。     

双文化经验对整体加工方式的影响*

已有研究表明,与个体主义文化相比,集体主义文化易引发整体加工方式。但是,文化不仅可以按照东西方文化划分为个体主义和集体主义,还可以依据个体的文化经验划分为多元文化和单一文化。那么,与单一文化经验相比,多元文化经验,尤其是最常见的双文化经验是否也有利于整体加工方式呢?在两个实验中,我们将被试分为两组,让其中一组被试暴露在双文化情境下,另外一组被试暴露在单一文化情境下。然后让这两组被试要么寻找两段视频间的相似点或者差异点（实验1）,要么回忆与老年人刻板印象一致或不一致的信息（实验2）。结果发现,与暴露在单一文化情境下相比,暴露在双文化情境下的被试倾向于寻找事物间的相似点（实验1）,并且不易形成刻板印象（实验2）。这表明,双文化经验有利于整体加工方式。     

局部亮度与语义关系对真实情景识别的影响

以真实情景图片为材料,探讨局部亮度与语义关系对情景识别的影响,以及情景背景线索和语义关系的获得。实验一结果显示,被试对有无语义关系情景图片的识别反应时存在显著差异,且对拼接图片的识别正确率更高,反应时更短。实验二探讨了局部亮度与呈现时间变化条件下情景背景线索和语义关系的获得。结果发现,情景语义关系和背景信息的获得受到局部亮度变化和呈现时间的影响。这表明,语义关系和呈现时间对情景识别存在显著影响,而且这种影响与情景背景线索和语义关系的获得有关。呈现时间越长,越易获得情景语义关系。局部亮度变化越小,背景线索越易获得,呈现时间的影响越小。     

Do adapted vignettes improve medical decision‐making capacity for individuals with Alzheimer's disease?

Medical decision‐making capacity (MDC) is known to decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The vignette method uses hypothetical information as a prerequisite for measuring the capacity to make well‐informed decisions to clinical trials. Our aim was to investigate if adapted vignettes can help individuals with mild AD to assimilate information, make decisions and express them in an understandable way, compared to corresponding decisions based on linguistically more demanding vignettes, as measured by the Swedish Linguistic Instrument for Medical Decision‐making (LIMD). Two vignettes from LIMD were altered linguistically with the aim to facilitate understanding for individuals with AD. An experimental within‐subject design was used to study the influence on MDC of readability (original/adapted vignettes) and content (two different clinical trials). We included 24 patients with mild AD in this prospective study, which read all four vignettes along with a few other tests. This allowed us to investigate the association between MDC and cognitive function. Adapted vignettes did not yield significant differences regarding MDC as compared with original vignettes using a two‐way repeated measures analysis of variance. A difference was found between the two clinical trials where LIMD score was significantly higher for Kidney disease than hypertension vignettes. Our results indicate that adapted vignettes may not improve MDC for individuals with mild AD. MDC was affected by which clinical trial the vignettes regarded, which implies that other factors affecting MDC need to be investigated, like length of text and vocabulary used.