基于增强现实和ERPs架构的SNARC效应展望

SNARC效应是人类空间认知的重要组成部分。限于技术手段,现有SNARC研究的理论和技术多以小尺度空间环境为基础,致使其生态效度较低。基于增强现实技术和认知神经科学范式,通过增强现实技术生成的交互情境,从核心加工系统(静态空间SNARC、动态空间SNARC、静态-动态联合SNARC)和加工特性两个方面,研究建立起基于大尺度空间环境的SNARC加工模型。为人类空间认知研究提供了更加完备的知识领域。     

Exploratory Bifactor Analysis: The Schmid-Leiman Orthogonalization and Jennrich-Bentler Analytic Rotations

Analytic bifactor rotations have been recently developed and made generally available, but they are not well understood. The Jennrich-Bentler analytic bifactor rotations (bi-quartimin and bi-geomin) are an alternative to, and arguably an improvement upon, the less technically sophisticated Schmid-Leiman orthogonalization. We review the technical details that underlie the Schmid-Leiman and Jennrich-Bentler bifactor rotations, using simulated data structures to illustrate important features and limitations. For the Schmid-Leiman, we review the problem of inaccurate parameter estimates caused by the linear dependencies, sometimes called “proportionality constraints,” that are required to expand a p correlated factors solution into a (p + 1) (bi)factor space. We also review the complexities involved when the data depart from perfect cluster structure (e.g., item cross-loading on group factors). For the Jennrich-Bentler rotations, we describe problems in parameter estimation caused by departures from perfect cluster structure. In addition, we illustrate the related problems of (a) solutions that are not invariant under different starting values (i.e., local minima problems) and (b) group factors collapsing onto the general factor. Recommendations are made for substantive researchers including examining all local minima and applying multiple exploratory techniques in an effort to identify an accurate model.     

基于动态特征的真伪笑容表达与识别

笑容是人类最普遍、最频繁的表情。人类进化出伪装笑容的能力,也拥有部分识别伪装的能力。在表情的表达与识别上,动态信息起着重要的作用。一方面,笑容表达的动态特征可能为区分真伪笑容提供重要的信息,所以我们拟借助近年发展的计算机视觉的特征提取技术,系统地量化分析真伪笑容的动态特征(时长、方向、速度、流畅性、运动对称性、不同部位同步性、头动模式等),考察笑容在不同伪装方式及不同情境下的区别与一致性,深入理解人类笑容表达的特点。另一方面,通过探索有效动态特征与正确识别率的关系,检验知觉-注意假说,了解真伪笑容的识别特点及研究识别机制。通过比较动态真伪笑容的表达特点与识别特点,进一步理解人类表情信号编码与解码之间的关系。     

Mapping drivers’ mental models of adaptive cruise control to performance

Driver support features (DSF) have the potential to improve safety, but they also change the driver-vehicle relationship —as well as their respective roles and responsibilities. To maximize safety, it is important to understand how drivers’ knowledge and understanding of these technologies—referred to as drivers’ mental models—impact performance and safety. This simulator study examined how drivers with different mental models of adaptive cruise control performed in edge cases. The study compared the responses of groups of drivers, with strong and weak mental models of ACC, established through a combination of screening, training, and exposure, in edge case situations in a high-fidelity driving simulator. In general, participants with strong mental models were faster than those with weak mental models to respond in edge-case situations—defined as cases where the ACC did not detect an approaching object, such as a slow-moving motorcycle. The performance deficits observed for drivers with weak mental models appear to reflect uncertainty surrounding how ACC will behave in edge cases.     

Global and Local Feature Distinctiveness Effects in Language Acquisition

Various aspects of semantic features drive early vocabulary development, but less is known about how the global and local structure of the overall semantic feature space influences language acquisition. A feature network of English words was constructed from a large database of adult feature production norms such that edges in the network represented feature distances between words (i.e., Manhattan distances of probability distributions of features elicited for each pair of words). A word's global feature distinctiveness is measured with respect to all other words in the network and a word's local feature distinctiveness is measured relative to words in sub-networks derived from clustering analyses. This paper investigates how feature distinctiveness of individual words at local and global scales of the network influences language acquisition. Regression analyses indicate that global feature distinctiveness was associated with earlier age of acquisition ratings, and was a stronger predictor of age of acquisition than local feature distinctiveness. These results suggest that the global structure of the semantic feature network could play an important role in language acquisition, whereby globally distinctive concepts help to structure vocabulary development over the lifespan.     

Storifying Samsø’s Renewable Energy Transition

Through a joint community effort Denmark’s Renewable Energy Island Samsø became self-sufficient with renewable energy over a period of 10 years from 1997 to 2007. Today, the story about Samsø’s successful energy transition has become a global export and a widely known model of community building, public participation and shared ownership in renewable energy technologies and transition processes. What has allowed the Samsø narrative to travel so widely has been the effective ‘transition story’ created about the islanders’ efforts. This transition story, however, has become fixed with the years and has assumed an ideal-typical character. Meanwhile, the challenges and costs inherent in the complicated socio-material process of transition are underestimated and largely forgotten. While such transition stories are indeed inspiring, the ideal-typical narrative may stand in the way of the development of further local energy transitions, as challenging elements of the process are downplayed to strengthen the narrative power of the story. Ethnographic stories about Samsø complicate the island’s transition narrative and add nuance to the Samsø story, highlighting its discrepancies and problematizing the effects of such well-crafted transition narratives. This tendency toward the ‘storification’ of transition processes is not restricted to Samsø; it is employed as a tactics by environmental organizations operating globally.     

Anxiety and depression: toward overlapping and distinctive features

ABSTRACT

This Special Issue of Cognition and Emotion addresses one of the cardinal concerns of affective science, which is overlapping and distinctive features of anxiety and depression. A central finding in the study of anxiety and depression is that they are moderately highly correlated with each other. This leads us to the question: What is behind this co-occurrence? Possible explanations relate to poor discriminant validity of measures; both emotional states are associated with negative affect; stressful life events; impaired cognitive processes; they share a common biological/genetic diathesis. However, despite a set of common (nonspecific) features, anxiety and depression are clearly not identical emotional states. Differences between them might be best viewed, for example, through their heterogeneous and multi-layered nature, adaptive functions and relations with regulatory processes, positive affect, and motivation or complex cognitive processes. In this introduction we consider several approaches (e.g. functional approach; tripartite model and content-specificity hypothesis) to which most research in this Special Issue is relevant. In addition, we have asked contributors to this Special Issue to indicate how their own studies on comparisons between anxiety and depression and models on anxiety and depression move this area of research to more mature science with applicability.     

Influence of cryomilling on the microstructural features in HVOF-sprayed NiCrAlY bond coats for thermal barrier coatings: Creation of a homogeneous distribution of nanoscale dispersoids

Previous research has revealed that thermal barrier coatings with cryomilled bond coats exhibit improved thermal cycling lifetime by growing a continuous and uniform oxide layer at a slower rate; yet the mechanism controlling the ultimate failure remains unclear. In an effort to provide a foundation for understanding the improved behavior, the influence of cryomilling on the microstructure of the NiCrAlY bond coat material is investigated in this article. Rather than focusing on the alumina scale formation, the microstructural features and their evolution within the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed NiCrAlY bond coats themselves, prepared from conventional powder and cryomilled powder, were carefully compared through extensive scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy characterization. In addition, the as-cryomilled NiCrAlY powder is characterized to provide evidence of the direct influence of cryomilling and to exclude the impact from the HVOF spraying. It is found that the essential change in microstructural features resulting from the cryomilling is the creation of a homogeneous distribution of ultrafine (nanoscale) Al-rich oxide/nitride dispersoids, which remain thermally stable even after exposure at 1100°C for 100 h. The TEM study on the as-cryomilled powder, prior to the HVOF spraying, indicates that some Al and Y-rich oxides are already present within the material as a direct result of the cryomilling process.     

Bending experiments on the xi'-(Al-Pd-Mn) quasicrystal approximant

Single crystals of the quasicrystal approximant phase xi'1-(Al-Pd-Mn) were deformed at a high temperature in three-point bending geometry. Two different mechanisms of plastic deformation were observed in this phase: one based on the motion of phason lines and the other based on dislocations. Line directions and Burgers vector directions of the dislocations were determined. The relative importances of the two mechanisms are discussed as a function of the sample orientation with respect to the bending geometry.     

Regulating Biopharming: The Prism of Farmer Knowledge

Farmers have local knowledge relevant to the prospective assessment of biopharming—the farming of transgenic plants and animals genetically modified to produce pharmaceutical substances for use in humans or animals. However, biopharming regulatory regimes are being constructed in ways that render farmers' knowledge irrelevant. The exclusion of farmer knowledge is traceable to what we call its politico-epistemic unworkability as regulatory knowledge in regulatory regimes characterised not only by a focus on risk but also by pre-commitments to market-driven innovation and individual freedom of choice. Such innovation requires predictability in the regulatory environment, which is supplied in part through regulatory authorities' adoption of risk-assessment methodologies that both assume predictability (of natural and social worlds) and generate predictable decision outcomes. These regulatory approaches are co-constituted with scientific knowledge of gene flow developed through studies that can demonstrate a reliable and readily modellable decline of undesirable effect across space or time and therefore make possible the setting of clear and workable parameters for risk management. The farmers' knowledge discussed here highlights the extent to which this is a process of co-production. Moreover, it suggests that the claimed economic advantages of outdoor biopharming, achieved through the substitution of agronomic practice for laboratory infrastructure, depend both on natural processes that always also threaten to undermine confinement and on the habitus of successful farmers, which may in fact be incompatible with the kind of risk management that biopharming requires.