大学生智能手机成瘾与抑制控制能力的关系:手机位置和认知负荷的调节作用

本研究以66名大学生为被试,采用Flanker效应和工作记忆的双任务设计来探讨手机位置、认知负荷在智能手机成瘾与抑制控制能力之间的调节作用。结果发现：（1）在低认知负荷下,无论是否智能手机成瘾,手机存在视线之外比手机在视线之内时抑制控制能力更差;（2）在高认知负荷下,智能手机成瘾与手机位置交互作用显著：当手机在视线之内时,智能手机成瘾者的抑制控制能力显著差于非成瘾者;而当手机在视线之外时,两者没有显著差异。结果表明,智能手机成瘾大学生的抑制控制能力不仅会受到手机位置的影响,还会受到任务本身所带来的认知负荷的调节。     

冲突视阈下类别信息与个体信息知觉负载的认知控制效应

个体根据知觉选择、反应偏向以及实时更新的情境信息调节自身状态,以适应性地促进对当前知觉信息的灵活编码,这一过程即为印象形成的认知控制。采用词语判断任务与侧抑制任务的变式将他人信息(类别信息vs.个体信息)分成高、低知觉负载两种水平,考察了冲突视阈下认知控制策略对他人印象形成的调控作用及知觉负载的效应。结果发现:(1)知觉负载影响他人印象形成的认知控制策略。(2)当类别信息与个体信息存在知觉冲突且个体的知觉负载较高时,受到反应性控制的作用,他人印象形成易出现冲突适应偏向; 当个体的知觉负载较低时,他人印象形成易受主动性控制的作用,从而产生冲突抑制偏向。这些结果表明,当个体形成他人印象时,其认知控制策略因受知觉负载影响而呈现分阶段加工特征。     

Internal causes of return trip effect based on eye movement and EEG indices

When traveling by car, the driver normally feels that the return trip is shorter than the outbound trip. The reason for this feeling, called return trip effect, is not clear. To explore the internal causes of this return trip effect, an indoor driving simulation experiment and a real car driving experiment were performed in this study. Questionnaires were used to obtain the estimated time of the outbound and return trips of the drivers. An eye tracker and an electroencephalograph equipment were used to record driver's eye movement and EEG data in the real-car driving experiment. The physiological indices and questionnaire results showed that the difference in the driver's cognitive loads of the outbound and return trips was the internal cause of the return trip effect. Drivers who were unfamiliar with the road had a different cognitive load between the two trips, which resulted in the return trip effect. However, drivers who were familiar with the road did not experience a return trip effect due to the close cognitive loads of the two trips.     

Effects of unintentional coordination on attentional load

The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of unintentional (spontaneous) coordination on high attentional visual load. More precisely, we wondered whether such coordination could free up some attentional resources and help improve performance in other more demanding attentional tasks. An experiment was performed in which participant attentional allocation was challenged by performing three tasks simultaneously while simultaneously being induced to unintentional entrain to an environmental rhythm. The first task was an interception task associated with a Stroop test to increase their attentional load. The second task was a reaction time test to alarms in different modalities (auditory, visual and bimodal) which was used to assess participant attentional load. The third task was a motor task in which participants were asked to swing their legs at a preferred frequency. The interface background brightness intensity was either synchronized in real time using a bidirectional coupling to participant leg movement or the background brightness was not changing at all. Our results on the reaction time task demonstrated that participants exhibited better reaction times for alarms in the bimodal condition than in the auditory condition and lastly for the visual condition. Also, participants exhibited a lower reaction time to alarms when the background brightness was synchronizing with their leg regardless the alarm modality. Overall, our study suggests a beneficial effect of unintentional environmental coordination on attentional resource allocation and highlights the importance of bidirectionality in interaction.     

Asymmetric interference between domains: evidence from the stimulus order effect in complex span tasks

The stimulus order effect refers to the finding that recall in complex span tasks is better when span lists begin with a longer processing task and end with a shorter task than when these processing tasks are presented in the reverse order. This study independently manipulated processing time and processing difficulty between Long-final and Short-final lists. The processing task required participants to solve arithmetic problems with either verbal (Experiment 1) or visuospatial (Experiment 2) materials. The memory items used in the storage task were either digits (verbal material) or dots-in-matrices (visuospatial materials). Storage of both verbal and visuospatial materials was sensitive to the change in processing difficulty, but not processing time. Furthermore, this study provides further evidence for the asymmetry of domain interference in working memory. The similarities and differences between verbal and visuospatial storage in working memory are discussed.     

人机交互中认知负荷变化预测模型的构建

设计模拟的人机交互实验, 分析持续作业过程中认知负荷在评估指标上的变化; 采用Elman神经网络和BP神经网络二种建模方法, 探索人机交互过程中认知负荷变化预测建模的构建方法。结果显示：持续作业中认知负荷在主任务反应时、主任务正确率、注视时间、注视次数4个评估指标上变化显著; 在心理努力、任务主观难度2个评估指标上变化不显著; Elman神经网络和BP神经网络两种预测模型可以对不同作业时间段认知负荷在评估指标上发生的变化进行预测; 再结合认知负荷的综合评估模型, 可实现对不同作业时间段个体认知负荷水平等级进行分析。     

探测任务知觉负荷对注意促进效应的影响

双任务交互作用模型认为探测任务知觉负荷对注意促进效应(the attentional boost effect,ABE)不存在影响。基于对这一观点的质疑,本研究以场景图片为实验材料,结合学习-测验经典范式和目标探测任务,实验一探讨高、低知觉负荷探测任务对ABE的影响; 实验二验证探测任务知觉负荷对 ABE 的影响是否受探测目标与非目标相似性调节,进一步验证双任务交互作用模型的观点。结果发现,低知觉负荷探测任务中存在ABE,但高知觉负荷探测任务中却不存在; 探测目标与非目标不相似条件下的高知觉负荷探测任务中不存在ABE,但相似条件下的高知觉负荷探测任务中依然存在。由此可见,探测任务知觉负荷对ABE存在影响,且这一影响受探测目标与非目标相似性调节,双任务交互作用模型的观点不合理。     

Effects of A Dual-Task Intervention in Postural Control and Cognitive Performance in Adolescents

Abstract

The aim was to assess dual- versus single-task training for motor performance and cognitive performance in adolescents. Two experiments were performed. In the first, 30 adolescents were randomized to three groups to determine the effect of dual-task difficulty on postural control: α-scaling and root mean square (RMS). In the second, 20 adolescents were randomized to two groups to determine the effect of dual-task practice to improve working memory. RMS in the post-test was lower than the pre-test in both dual-task groups, while α-scaling was lower in post-test than pre-test only in the high-difficulty dual-task group. A practice effect was observed on the percentage of correct answers only in the dual-task group (p?=?0.035). Thus, dual-task training could enhance motor and cognitive performance more than single-task training.     

Effect of Force Sense to Active Joint Position Sense and Relationships between Active Joint Position Sense,Force Sense,Jumping and Muscle Strength

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the effect of external load on the joint position sense (JPS) accuracy and its relation to the target jump height. The present study also aimed to explore the relationship between force sense (FS) and maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Participants’ MVIC levels were determined during the 45-degree knee extension task. Then, participants were asked to execute a knee JPS task with external load (EL-JPS) and with no-load (EL-JPS). To assess jumping accuracy participants were instructed to jump with their 50% of maximum jump height. Results indicated that EL-JPS error values were lower than NL-JPS. EL-JPS was correlated to jumping errors. However, the relationship between NL-JPS and jumping errors was not significant. A significant correlation was found between MVIC and FS errors.     

人机交互过程中认知负荷的综合测评方法

设计模拟网络引擎搜索和心算双任务实验,分析主观评定、绩效测量和生理测量三类评估指标对认知负荷变化的敏感性;采用因素分析、BP神经网络和自组织神经网络三种建模方法,探索人机交互过程中认知负荷的综合评估建模方法。结果显示：心理努力、任务主观难度、注视时间、注视次数、主任务反应时、主任务正确率6个指标对认知负荷变化敏感;采用多维综合评估模型对双任务作业认知负荷进行测量总体上比采用单一评估指标的测量更为有效。BP网络和自组织神经网络两种神经网络模型对认知负荷的测量结果优于传统的因素分析方法