右旋柠烯对幼鼠颞叶癫痫海马星形胶质细胞的影响

探讨右旋柠烯（D-L）对癫痫幼鼠海马星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的影响。利用尼氏染色及免疫组化技术观察匹罗卡品致癫痫的幼鼠经药物（左乙拉西坦、丙戊酸钠、D-L）治疗后星形胶质细胞形态学变化和GFAP的表达。尼氏染色显示药物治疗后幼鼠海马胶质神经元脱失较未治疗的幼鼠明显减轻;海马GFAP免疫阳性细胞数在药物治疗后的幼鼠较未治疗幼鼠明显减少（P〈O．05）。幼鼠癫痫发作可能与海马星形胶质细胞增生有关,D-L对发育期大鼠颞叶癫痫星形胶质细胞的增生及GFAP的表达似有抑制作用,推测D-L可能具有抗癫痫作用。     

复杂问题解决中计算机模拟情境的逻辑框架

计算机模拟情境摆脱了实验室研究和现场研究的不足,满足了复杂问题解决的复杂性、动态性和模糊性等特征,受到研究者们的青睐.近年来,各种模拟情境在复杂问题解决研究中得到运用,其内部逻辑结构主要有线性结构方程和有限状态自动化,线性结构方程适用于等距数据,而有限状态自动化适用于称名数据.当前,对复杂问题解决的测量注重结果,而相对忽视过程.未来的模拟情境可以从问题特征、任务逻辑和测量方式来提高信度和效度.     

神经质人格对中小学生抑郁的影响：班级环境的跨层调节作用

基于素质-应激理论考察神经质人格及班级环境对中小学生抑郁的作用机制,对30个班级共933名中小学生进行问卷调查。多层分析结果显示：（1）中小学生抑郁存在显著的班级聚集效应;（2）神经质人格正向预测中小学生抑郁,班级人际环境、班级学习环境均负向预测中小学生抑郁;（3）班级学习环境跨层调节神经质人格与中小学生抑郁之间的关系,即积极的班级学习环境削弱了神经质人格对中小学生抑郁的影响。结果表明,我国教学制度下的班级学习环境在中小学生抑郁预防过程中可发挥重要作用。     

动作自主性与结果性质对不同预测性条件下施动感的影响

采用时间估计法考察动作自主性水平、动作结果性质(利己、利他、中性)以及结果是否可预测对施动感的影响。结果发现, 高自主性的自由选择条件比低自主性的服从条件增强了个体的施动感, 且不受动作结果性质与结果是否可预测的影响; 在低自主性的服从条件下, 当结果可预测时利己结果比利他结果的施动感更强, 而在结果不可预测时利己和利他结果的施动感没有区别, 但均弱于中性结果。这揭示出动作的主观意愿在施动感产生过程中的重要作用, 同时在自主性较低的服从条件下, 对利己或利他道德属性的动作结果能否被预测, 对个体的施动感产生了不同的影响。研究结果说明具有利己或利他道德属性的动作对施动感会产生自上而下的调节作用, 且这种调节作用在低自主条件下较为突显。     

学校联结和学业能力对高中生自尊的影响:一个多层线性模型

为探究高中生自尊的影响因素,本研究以来自18所学校的4776名高中生为研究对象,以自尊的价值—能力理论为依据,采用问卷法探讨价值因素(学校联结)和能力因素(学业能力)对高中生自尊的影响,并基于生态系统学视角构建多层线性模型。结果表明:(1)班级层面学校联结对个体自尊具有显著正向预测作用;(2)个体学业能力在学校联结与自尊之间具有中介作用;(3)个体学业能力对个体自尊的正向预测作用受到班级学业能力的调节,在高学业能力的班级条件下,个体学业能力对自尊水平的预测作用更强。     

Applying a logic of appropriateness to understand behavioral differences between common resource dilemmas and public good dilemmas

Common resource dilemmas (CRDs) and public good dilemmas (PGDs) are distinct types of social dilemmas, yet they model the same underlying conflict between the collective interest and one's self-interest. Here, we study and interpret behavioral differences between these two main types of social dilemmas by applying a logic of appropriateness. In two experiments, we argue and demonstrate that CRDs, relative to PGDs, evoke higher levels of cooperation, because taking from collective property (in CRDs) is generally considered less appropriate than not giving from personal property (in PGDs). Importantly, these differential considerations of appropriateness are reflected not only in the willingness to cooperate but also in the willingness to punish and reward others' (non)cooperative behavior. Taken together, the findings reveal that CRDs and PGDs elicit different norms of appropriateness.     

Brain activation patterns in response to complex triggers in the Word Association Test: results from a new study in the United States

C.G. Jung's theory of psychological complexes lies at the root of analytical psychology theory and practice. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a powerful tool to validate the theory of complexes and eludicate the neuropsychologic mechanisms underlying the unconscious activation of significant memories. In this study, using fMRI, we identify two brain circuits which are activated in response to complex triggering words. Circuit one involves brain regions involved in episodic memory and somatic (body) responses and the experience of uncertainty. A second circuit involves episodic memory, emotion, visual and language association, and semiotic meaning. Specific brain regions include the right prefrontal cortex, SMA cortex, left temporal cortex, and the caudate and cingulate. These brain circuits may be thought of as the biological form in which complexes are experienced. Implications for analytic psychology practice and theory are discussed.     

Temporal Experiences without the Specious Present

Most philosophers believe that we have experiences as of temporally extended phenomena like change, motion, and succession. Almost all theories of time consciousness explain these temporal experiences by subscribing to the doctrine of the specious present, the idea that the contents of our experiences embrace temporally extended intervals of time and are presented as temporally structured. Against these theories, I argue that the doctrine is false and present a theory that does not require the notion of a specious present. Furthermore, I argue that the different aspects of temporal experiences arise from different mechanisms operating separately. If the theory is true, then temporal experiences do not tell us anything special about the nature of consciousness and its temporal properties per se.     

Direction of dependence in measurement error models

Methods to determine the direction of a regression line, that is, to determine the direction of dependence in reversible linear regression models (e.g., x→y vs. y→x), have experienced rapid development within the last decade. However, previous research largely rested on the assumption that the true predictor is measured without measurement error. The present paper extends the direction dependence principle to measurement error models. First, we discuss asymmetric representations of the reliability coefficient in terms of higher moments of variables and the attenuation of skewness and excess kurtosis due to measurement error. Second, we identify conditions where direction dependence decisions are biased due to measurement error and suggest method of moments (MOM) estimation as a remedy. Third, we address data situations in which the true outcome exhibits both regression and measurement error, and propose a sensitivity analysis approach to determining the robustness of direction dependence decisions against unreliably measured outcomes. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the performance of MOM-based direction dependence measures and their robustness to violated measurement error assumptions (i.e., non-independence and non-normality). An empirical example from subjective well-being research is presented. The plausibility of model assumptions and links to modern causal inference methods for observational data are discussed.     

A reason for the non-specialist to care about the metaphysics of properties and persistence

We have compelling extra-philosophical reasons for caring about identity, parthood, and location. For example, we desire ceteris paribus that nothing every part of which is very near to our location be very near to the location of something dangerous, evil, or otherwise unpleasant. This essay argues that such considerations are relevant to certain first-order metaphysical debates, namely, the debates over immanent universals and tropes and endurantism and perdurantism, respectively. As a consequence, even the non-specialist has a reason to care about the metaphysics of properties and persistence.