Plausible assumptions, questionable assumptions and post hoc rationalizations: Will the real IAT, please stand up?

In a recent article, we described psychometric limitations to the Implicit Association Test (IAT). These limitations restrict the utility of this measure and render it problematic for testing many psychological theories that posit a causal role for implicit attitudes. Past failures to recognize this may have promoted faulty conclusions in the literature. In a critique of our article, Nosek and Sriram rejected our entire analysis. They asserted that our original article was based on faulty assumptions and argued that the IAT performs nicely when these assumptions are replaced by other, more plausible assumptions. We show that these plausible assumptions have all the hallmarks of post hoc rationalizations. They make little theoretical sense, are buttressed by deceptive statistical practices, contradict statements these same researchers have made in the past and do little to advance research and theory on implicit attitudes. We close by considering the vigor with which IAT researchers have dismissed meaningful criticisms of their measure.     

大学生性别自我概念的结构

同时运用外显的自陈式量表和自行设计的内隐联想测验来研究大学生的性别自我概念 ,结果表明 :(1)运用内隐联想测验来测量内隐性别自我概念是可靠、有效、敏感的 ;(2 )在性别自我概念的内隐层面上 ,性别差异十分显著 ;在性别自我概念的外显层面上 ,除了女性正性量表外 ,其他量表上均未表现出显著的差异。 (3)性别自我概念是一个双重的结构 :包括一个内隐的性别自我概念和一个外显的性别自我概念 ,前者是一个一维的未分化的结构 ,后者是一个两维的结构 ,并且二者相对独立     

锚题题型与等值估计方法对等值的影响

锚测验———非等组设计是一种非常重要的等值设计方法。研究证明 :在此设计之下作为等值媒体的锚测验采用的题型不同对等值结果会有不同影响 ;采用的等值关系估计方法不同对等值结果也有不同影响 ;题型与估计方法之间还有明显的交互作用。研究认为 ,在当前的命题与评分技术水平条件下 ,锚测验以纯客观题组成为最佳 ;在锚测验题量固定的条件下 ,等值关系估计以选用频数估计法为最佳。     

中学生考试焦虑与元担忧

使用元担忧问卷,对1152名中学生的元担忧及其与考试焦虑之间的关系进行了研究。中学生的元担忧项目共有5个类型的：社会评价、考试过程、家庭冲突、前途命运和父母状况。对考试焦虑贡献显著的元担忧项目有18个,涉及到所有5个方面,家庭和考试过程是中学生元担忧的2个主要来源。男女学生共有的元担忧项目有8个,家庭和考试过程家是初中和高中学生共同的主要元担忧来源,但是,考试过程因素更可能构成男生元担忧的来源,社会评价更可能构成女生的元担忧来源。初中、高中学生共有的元担忧项目有9个,也涉5个方面,家庭冲突和考试过程仍然是二者的主要来源,但是,初中学生更倾向于出现对结果期望的元担忧,高中学生则更倾向于出现对将来工作的元担忧     

Dominance structure in small groups of juvenile white-seabream (Diplodus sargus cadenati de la paz,Bauchot and Daget 1974)

Experiments were conducted to investigate the intraspecific aggressive interactions between juveniles of white-seabream (Diplodus sargus cadenati de la Paz, Bauchot and Daget 1974) in relation to dominance hierarchy in small groups. The agonistic interactions between juvenile white-seabream in small groups originated a peck-dominance hierarchy. The dominant (α-fish) generally interacted aggressively and most frequently with the subordinate that was next in line (β-fish) within the dominance hierarchy. This β-fish interacted aggressively more frequently with the γ-fish, and so on. Results demonstrated that fish do not attack subordinates at random. The level of subordination in small groups of juvenile white-seabream was related to body size. Generally, the more aggressive fish manifest a higher growth rate. Aggr. Behav. 24: 197–204, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

An interactive multiobjective procedure for selecting medium-term countermeasures after nuclear accidents

This paper presents a methodology for supporting medium-term decisions in the context of nuclear accidents. An interactive procedure based on a multiobjective linear model is introduced, allowing the set of feasible strategies to be explored. This procedure enables the users to express preferences on both criterion values and the structure of the strategies. Additional flexibility is provided by the possibility of integrating evolutive constraints during the decision process. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Development of Early Attachment Behaviours

The normative development of attachment behaviours and the changing relationship between the level of activation of the attachment system and the intensity of subsequent attachment behaviours were studied longitudinally from 3 to 12 months of age. The study was based on Bowlby's notion about increasing goal directedness of the attachment system. The sample consisted of two groups of children, 33 children born with cleft lip and palate and 34 children without this congenital anomaly. To circumvent the age-limited applicability of the Strange Situation procedure, a new observational instrument was developed, the so-called Induced Stress at Home procedure. It appeared that the ISH procedure is a valid alternative to induce and measure the attachment behaviours proximity seeking, contact maintenance and avoidance. Using the multilevel model for longitudinal data, it was shown that attachment behaviours are not very stable across age. An elaborated model revealed that the relationship between activation of the attachment system and subsequent contact maintenance and resistant behaviour become less strong with age. No differences between children with and without cleft lip and palate were found.     

Using aspiration levels in an interior primal-dual multiobjective linear programming algorithm

We introduce in this paper a new multiple-objective linear programming (MOLP) algorithm. The algorithm is based on the single-objective path-following primal—dual linear programming algorithm and combines it with aspiration levels and the use of achievement scalarizing functions. The resulting algorithm falls in the class of interactive MOLP algorithms, as it requires interaction with the decision maker (DM) during the iterative process to obtain statements of aspirations for levels of objectives of the MOLP problem. The interior point algorithm is then used to trace a path of interates from a current (interior) solution and approach as closely as desired a non-dominated solution corresponding to the optimum of the achievement scalarizing function. The timing of the interaction with the DM is dependent on the progress of the interior algorithm. It can take place every few, pre-specified, iterations or after the duality gap achieved for the stated aspirations has fallen below a certain threshold. It is expected that an interior algorithm will speed up the overall process of searching and finding the most preferred MOLP solution—especially in large-scale problems—by avoiding the need for numerous pivot operations and their corresponding interactive sessions inherent in simplex-based algorithms.     

The operation of Lake Kariba: A multiobjective decision analysis

The paper describes a successful application of Bayesian decision analysis to the operation of the Lake Kariba hydropower system. This management problem is complicated by the high uncertainty of the inflow process, multiple and conflicting objectives and the influence of time on some of the parameters in the management task. Inflows to the reservoir are forecast through dynamic linear models. Managerial preferences are modelled through a multiattribute utility function. Since the solution of the exact model is computationally too demanding, a heuristic method is applied to find a feasible control strategy. A comparison with results obtained by methods used previously demonstrates the superiority of the methodology presented here.     

内隐攻击性的实验研究

本研究采用IAT测量个体内隐攻击性。研究发现,个体的攻击性行为倾向性表现出自动化特征,性别因素和IAT测试的联合任务次序不影响IAT效应;本研究支持了IAT测量个体内隐攻击性的有效性。