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101.
Seth C. Kalichman Demetria Cain 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(2):127-133
HIV testing and counseling expends considerable HIV prevention resources and offers great opportunities for HIV risk reduction.
Individuals who are at risk for HIV and have not been HIV tested are the focus of current targeted testing campaigns and yet
persons who are repeatedly tested for HIV often continue engaging in high-risk practices. This study examined HIV testing,
risk behaviors, and other medical diagnostic testing practices of men (N = 231) and women (N = 86) attending an inner-city sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic. Results showed that 75 (23%) participants had
not yet been tested for HIV, 45 (14%) had been tested once, and 197 (63%) had been tested two or more times. Patients that
had not been tested and those who were repeatedly tested were similar in their risk behaviors; both demonstrated significantly
greater risks for HIV than persons tested just once, although repeat testers were more likely to have had a past STI. HIV
testing history was minimally associated with other medical testing and health protective practices, such as testicular self-examination,
mammography, and having had PAP tests. Results support targeting high-risk untested persons for HIV testing and suggest an
urgent need for interventions to reduce risk behaviors among STI clinic patients who repeatedly test for HIV. 相似文献
102.
103.
The American and Canadian standardization samples for the fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children were
used to ascertain the prevalence of “seemingly anomalous” Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores for all possible sums of scaled scores
combinations of the Verbal Comprehension Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index.
About 1% of FSIQ scores in both samples were anomalous (that is, fell outside the range of the four indices). Interestingly,
the prevalence of anomalous scores was higher at the extremes of the FSIQ distribution. Moreover, anomalous FSIQ scores occurring
above or below the mean of the FSIQ distribution (that is, 100) were larger or smaller, respectively, than any of the four
indices. Furthermore, if the range of the four indices did contain the FSIQ (the non-anomalous case), when the FSIQ was below
or above 100 it tended to be located distally in the half-segment of the range furthest below or above 100, respectively.
A non-technical intuitive analogy from Olympic sports and a statistical explanation for the findings are provided. Important
implications for practitioners are also presented.
Portions of this paper were presented March 17, 2006 at the 20th annual Joseph R. Royce Research Conference, Department of
Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 相似文献
104.
Fragile X syndrome is primarily due to a CGG repeat expansion found in the FMR1 X-linked gene. In a previous study, we conducted
focus groups with women to assess their attitudes towards fragile X carrier screening. In this follow-up study, we conducted
in-depth interviews of general population reproductive-age women who were identified as carriers. We explored their attitudes
toward testing for carrier status of the fragile X mutation. These women underwent screening primarily to participate in a
research project rather than in search of a diagnosis for specific symptoms. As such, these women were wholly unprepared for
positive carrier results. Their responses about their results and carrier screening, in many cases, were being worked out
over the course of the interview itself. The most salient finding of this work is the apparent lack of relevance of carrier
status to these women. Many expressed that although the information could be relevant in the future, it is not relevant at
this stage of their lives in terms of family planning (either with respect to having unaffected offspring or to premature
ovarian failure) and personal relationships. Although issues of abortion seemed prominent in the focus groups, we found that
carrier status did not have an apparent effect on women’s attitudes about termination. We hypothesize this may be related
to the fact that women had not processed their new carrier status and had not related it to previously-formed personal opinions.
The findings of this work have significant implications for genetic counseling and population screening. Genetic counselors
should be mindful that general population women may not recognize the immediate importance of their carrier status even when
literature is provided and discussed prior to providing a sample. As part of comprehensive genetic counseling, counselors
should identify the reproductive life stage of the woman receiving the new information and help her identify when this information
would be more meaningful in her life. Counselors can assist in setting up a personalized road map with specific types of services
that will be more applicable to the woman as her carrier status becomes more relevant. 相似文献
105.
Providing medical management updates and long-term support to families with hereditary cancer syndromes in rural areas is
a challenge. To address this, we designed a one-day retreat for BRCA1/2 carriers in our region. The retreat included educational updates about medical management, genetic privacy and discrimination,
and addressed psychological and family issues. Evaluations completed at the conclusion of the retreat were overwhelmingly
positive with requests for a similar event in the future. The impact of this retreat on a variety of health behaviors was
assessed. Eligible participants completed questionnaires before and 6 months after the retreat. Questionnaires focused on
lifestyle, cancer screening and prevention practices, psychological history and distress, decision-making regarding genetic
testing, and family communication issues. For individuals who completed both the pre and post retreat questionnaires, one-half
made lifestyle changes and nearly two-thirds increased cancer screening, initiated chemoprevention, completed or planned to
complete preventative surgery in the future. We conclude that this type of forum provides a valuable opportunity for BRCA carriers and their families to receive updated medical information, share personal experiences, provide and receive support,
as well as change health behaviors. 相似文献
106.
Dr Peter H. Langford 《Australian journal of psychology》2009,61(4):185-198
This study presents evidence supporting the psychometric properties of the Voice Climate Survey: an employee opinion survey that measures work practices and outcomes. The tool is tested across 13,729 employees from 1,279 business units representing approximately 1,000 organisations. Exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses and internal reliability analyses support 31 lower‐order work practices and outcomes that aggregate into seven higher‐order work systems broadly covering practices and outcomes such as organisational direction, ethics, resources, involvement, recognition, development, teamwork, wellness, work/life balance, change management, customer satisfaction, job satisfaction, organisational commitment and employees' intention to stay. External validation of the tool is demonstrated by linking scores from the employee survey with independent manager reports of turnover, absenteeism, productivity, health and safety, goal attainment, financial performance, change management, innovation and customer satisfaction. 相似文献
107.
Abstract: In test operations using IRT (item response theory), items are included in a test before being used to rate subjects and the response data is used to estimate their item parameters. However, this method of test operation may lead to item content leakage and an adequate test operation can become difficult. To address this problem, Ozaki and Toyoda (2005, 2006 ) developed item difficulty parameter estimation methods that use paired comparison data from the perspective of the difficulty of items as judged by raters familiar with the field. In the present paper, an improved method of item difficulty parameter estimation is developed. In this new method, an item for which the difficulty parameter is to be estimated is compared with multiple items simultaneously, from the perspective of their difficulty. This is not a one-to-one comparison but a one-to-many comparison. In the comparisons, raters are informed that items selected from an item pool are ordered according to difficulty. The order will provide insight to improve the accuracy of judgment. 相似文献
108.
Participants struck 500 golf balls to a concealed target. Outcome feedback was presented at the subjective or objective threshold of awareness of each participant or at a supraliminal threshold. Participants who received fully perceptible (supraliminal) feedback learned to strike the ball onto the target, as did participants who received feedback that was only marginally perceptible (subjective threshold). Participants who received feedback that was not perceptible (objective threshold) showed no learning. Upon transfer to a condition in which the target was unconcealed, performance increased in both the subjective and the objective threshold condition, but decreased in the supraliminal condition. In all three conditions, participants reported minimal declarative knowledge of their movements, suggesting that deliberate hypothesis testing about how best to move in order to perform the motor task successfully was disrupted by the impoverished disposition of the visual outcome feedback. It was concluded that sub-optimally perceptible visual feedback evokes implicit processes. 相似文献
109.
国外关于测试效应的研究概述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
测试效应的研究表明,“学习”并非只发生在编码阶段,测试或提取练习除了可评估知识掌握程度之外,在某些情况下它比再次学习能更好地促进长时记忆保持。文章从如下方面概述了国外关于测试效应的研究:(1)在自由回忆、配对联想学习、再认和模拟教育情境等不同性质的实验任务下测试对学习的积极作用;(2)测试可能导致的消极作用,介绍有关提取导致遗忘,测试的消极暗示效应,测试与错误记忆等方面的研究;(3)介绍信息额外呈现理论,过度学习理论,提取努力理论,必要难度理论,迁移适当加工理论等测试效应的有关理论及其发展沿革。最后,结合研究中的争议及教学应用做了思考,并指出有待进一步研究的问题 相似文献
110.