中文阅读知觉广度的影响因素研究

研究以Eyelink2000车载眼动仪为工具,采用6×3×2×2的四因素混合设计,借助经典的移动窗口技术,探讨了72名被试阅读知觉广度的发展情况,以及材料难度和阅读能力对知觉广度的影响。结果表明:(1)年级、材料难度、阅读能力均各自独立地影响知觉广度。(2)小学三年级被试知觉广度的右侧范围为1~2个字,小学五年级被试接近成人大学生的知觉广度,右侧范围均为2~3个汉字。(3)难度对知觉广度有影响,被试阅读难材料的知觉广度为2~3个汉字,易材料为2~4个汉字。(4)高阅读能力被试的知觉广度大于低阅读能力被试,阅读容易材料时比低阅读能力被试有更大的向右眼跳幅度。     

列斐伏尔与现代世界的日常生活批判

列斐伏尔的《现代世界的日常生活批判》一书,是他从马克思哲学观点出发．批判现代消费社会的一本重要著作。在这本书中,列斐伏尔指出：现代社会是一个被控消费的官僚社会,这是一个风格消失、意义走向零度化的社会,日常生活世界成为资本主义社会意识形态的共谋者。从日常生活批判出发,以文化革命日常生活中的异化现象,构成了列斐伏尔的理论主题。     

Personality Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood: A Study of Age Differences

Early adulthood is a time of substantial personality change characterized by large inter‐individual diversity. To investigate the role of age in this diversity, the present study examined whether emerging adults differ from an older group of young adults in their Big Five personality development. By means of multi‐group latent change modelling, two groups of 16‐ to 19‐year‐olds (n = 3555) and 26‐ to 29‐year‐olds (n = 2621) were tracked over the course of four years and compared regarding four aspects of personality change: mean‐level change, rank‐order change, inter‐individual differences in change, and profile change. In addition, age‐differential socialization effects associated with six first‐time life events were investigated. Analyses revealed substantial age differences in all four aspects of change. As expected, emerging adults showed greater change and diversity in change than young adults. However, the six life events had no age‐differential impact on change in single traits and Big Five profiles. Overall, the results indicate that age differences should be considered even in specific life stages to advance the understanding of personality development. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology     

Interindividual differences in neonatal sociality and emotionality predict juvenile social status in rhesus monkeys

In humans, socioeconomic status (SES) has profound outcomes on socio‐emotional development and health. However, while much is known about the consequences of SES, little research has examined the predictors of SES due to the longitudinal nature of such studies. We sought to explore whether interindividual differences in neonatal sociality, temperament, and early social experiences predicted juvenile social status in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), as a proxy for SES in humans. We performed neonatal imitation tests in infants’ first week of life and emotional reactivity assessments at 2 and 4 weeks of age. We examined whether these traits, as well as the rearing environment in the first 8 months of life (with the mother or with same‐aged peers only) and maternal social status predicted juvenile (2–3 years old) social status following the formation of peer social groups at 8 months. We found that infants who exhibited higher rates of neonatal imitation and newborn emotional reactivity achieved higher social status as juveniles, as did infants who were reared with their mothers, compared to infants reared with peers. Maternal social status was only associated with juvenile status for infant dyads reared in the same maternal group, indicating that relative social relationships were transferred through social experience. These results suggest that neonatal imitation and emotional reactivity may reflect ingrained predispositions toward sociality that predict later outcomes, and that nonnormative social experiences can alter socio‐developmental trajectories. Our results indicate that neonatal characteristics and early social experiences predict later social outcomes in adolescence, including gradients of social stratification.     

大学生网络成瘾对学业挫折感的影响:心理生活质量的中介作用

为探讨心理生活质量在大学生网络成瘾与学业挫折感关系间的中介作用,研究采用青年学生学业挫折感问卷、心理生活质量问卷和中文网络成瘾量表,对703名大学生进行测量。结果表明:(1)大学生网络成瘾与学业挫折感之间呈显著正相关,心理生活质量与网络成瘾、学业挫折感之间呈显著负相关;(2)大学生网络成瘾正向预测学业挫折感、负向预测心理生活质量,心理生活质量负向预测学业挫折感;(3)心理生活质量在大学生网络成瘾对学业挫折感影响中起部分中介作用。     

关于人类克隆的哲学思考

总结了8年来人们反对生殖性克隆人的主要理由,分析了反对人类生殖性克隆及支持治疗性克隆的理由的合理性,揭示了克隆人争论给我们的启示。     

知识图景vs.生活世界:关系空间内的医患沟通及其启示

在因诊疗形成的关系空间内, 医患沟通的本质是来自患方的社会认知与来自医方的知识认知之间的交流。基于知识图景的医方话语传递成为医疗空间内医患沟通的主要方式, 这容易导致专断权威、忽略患者经验和情感。欲使医患关系更加融洽, 有赖于患方基于生活世界的认识能否为医方所洞察和理解, 进而使医学专业知识能够被生活世界建构的经验所理解、信任和遵从。目前主观上的医方情感沟通的动力不足, 客观上的沟通时间匮乏, 导致了医患沟通的障碍。应当从加强基层医疗机构建设、促进沟通从疾病转向体验、尊重和促成患者的自主决策等方面着手, 实现知识图景与生活世界的交融, 构建和谐的医患关系。     

守卫人类的神圣与尊严

主要由基因技术实施导致的人类自然身体的技术化,以及由智能技术完成的人类智力和精神的技术化,正在将人类的身和心推向双重的非自然化,使人类生命的神圣与尊严受到严重的挑战。守卫人类身体的自然本真,守卫人类大脑思维、意识的主体性,守卫人类与生俱来独有的人格特征,守卫人是目的而非工具的底线,是当代医学伦理学和生命伦理学面临的紧迫任务,是保卫人类神圣与尊严的要旨,也是发展生命技术不可逾越的红线。大力发展那些不伤害、不是再造人类生命自然本真的弱高新生命技术,为预防和治疗那些遗传性和复杂性疾病服务,抑制那些旨在再造人类生命的强高新生命技术,是发展生命技术策略的最佳选择。

     

临终患者自主权的两难困境与出路

面对人口老龄化程度越来越高的社会,尊重临终患者的自主权既是对患者知情同意的尊重,也是对生命价值的尊重。临终患者自主权的实现途径中存在诸多两难问题。研究临终患者自主权的两难困境问题,有助于权衡不同价值观念之间的冲突,并且从中找到与之相应的解决方案。破解临终患者自主权两难困境的出路在于充分尊重临终患者的自主权,构建互信的医患关系和共同决策机制。并探索预设医疗指示制度和伦理审查制度在我国医疗环境下实施的可行性。     

安宁疗护/缓和医疗志愿者面面观

志愿者在安宁疗护/缓和医疗中承担着重要的角色与作用,目前我国安宁疗护/缓和医疗志愿者的团队建设、志愿者培训、评价、督导工作以及对安宁疗护/缓和医疗志愿者的支持尚不成熟,安宁疗护/缓和医疗志愿者项目由各机构分散管理运作。文章汇总国内外安宁疗护/缓和医疗志愿者相关研究结果,介绍了安宁疗护/缓和医疗志愿者项目的管理经验,包括安宁疗护/缓和医疗志愿者的招募、培训、督导、考核,志愿者团队的资金及行政管理,以及安宁疗护/缓和医疗志愿者及其团队面临的困难与压力及如何应对,以资我国借鉴。