Conceptualizing ‘social capital’ for health promotion in small local communities: a micro‐qualitative study

This paper reports on a micro‐qualitative case study of peoples' experiences of local community life in a south‐east English town. This material is used as the basis for a critical discussion of the suitability of Putnam's notion of social capital as a conceptual tool for the design and evaluation of ‘community strengthening’ policies and interventions. The study was motivated by a concern that too much debate about social capital has been conducted by academics and policy‐makers in a top‐down manner, with inadequate attention to the realities of life in the local communities that they refer to. Three‐hour semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 37 residents in two less affluent wards in our town of interest. Informants—half men and half women, and spread across the 15–75 age group—were encouraged to talk about their personal experiences of local community life. Interview findings are presented within the ‘norm’ categories of trust, neighbourliness and reciprocal help and support, and the ‘network’ categories of participation in informal networks, voluntary groupings and community activist groupings. Our case study points to a number of ways in which Putnam's concept needs to be refined if it is to inform ‘community strengthening’ policies and interventions in England. Far more notice needs to be taken of the role played by informal networks of friends and neighbours in the construction of local community life. Attention also needs to be given to the complex and shifting geographical spread of peoples' significant social networks. Putnam's conceptualization of cohesive local communities and his unitary notions of trust and local identity may also be unduly essentialist. In our particular communities of interest, they failed to capture the fluidity of local community norms and networks in a rapidly changing society. They also failed to do justice to the extent to which social distinctions—such as age, gender, ethnicity and housing tenure—shape and constrain the way in which people create, sustain and access social capital. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

肿瘤内科治疗的疗效评价

肿瘤内科治疗是肿瘤综合治疗三大手段之一,在肿瘤治疗中占有举足轻重的地位。肿瘤内科治疗的疗效评价也逐步发展和完善。新的疗效评价指标逐渐被接受,延长生存期和提高肿瘤病人的生存质量已成为肿瘤内科治疗疗效评价的原则,临床肿瘤学工作者应转变观念,以利于更好地开展临床工作。     

Catholic Reflections for an Updated Donum Vitae Instruction: A New Catholic Challenge in a Post-Christian Europe

On February 22, 1987, the Congregation for the Doctrine of theFaith published the Donum Vitae Instruction. Twenty years later,on February 22, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI asked for an updateof this Instruction. According to the Donum Vitae Instructionof 1987, the principle of the holiness of life imposes respectfor human persons from the very beginning of human life. Inthese past 20 years, new medical techniques have raised freshethical issues that are to be addressed by the Roman CatholicChurch Magisterium. The Roman Catholic Church, in its updateof the Instruction planned for 2007, will have to explain howcivil law is to be regulated according to the fundamental normsof the moral law. The moral message of the new Donum Vitae (justas in the 1987 version) will be to affirm the substance of humanjustice: respect for human life, as expressed in the resolvenot to infringe on, or to protect such life. Even in a post-ChristianEurope, this theological message can be understood if it istrue that Europe is marked by the principle of the absoluteprotection of human life.     

过敏性皮肤病患者的生活质量分析及心理关怀

过敏性皮肤病的皮损和瘙痒给患者的心理带来了一系列的问题,分析患者的生活质量并关注其心理状态,对专业人员进行培训,给予患者心理关怀,对患者家属进行教育才能最终达到改善或治疗疾病的目。     

医患沟通障碍的现象学诠释及对话调适

相当多的医患冲突不是由医疗技术的原因引起,而是医患沟通不畅造成的。从现象学视域诠释医患关系,分析了医患对于“疾病”意义的不同认识,只有在诠释学语境中建立“你我”对话关系,在倾听中领会,才能在理解中寻找到共享的意义世界。从一个全新的视角构建了医患视域融合的框架,在医患对话实践中,通过“移情”跨越医患视域前见的鸿沟,以达到医患视域的融合。     

The Human Being in the Context of Nature: Philosophical Anthropology and Natural Sciences in Hedwig Conrad-Martius

The most original aspect of Hedwig Conrad-Martius’ research is her interpretation of nature, performed through the phenomenological method. She pinpoints the very essences of the natural phenomena, discovering entelechies inside them and a trans-physical dimension. She reads the evolution of nature in a new way, against the deterministic interpretation of it. Inside nature one can discover many levels, qualitatively different. The human being participates to all of them, but his/her peculiarity is linked to the mental–spiritual life.     

超越心理健康：精神健康的追求

区别于一般心理概念的、狭义的精神概念有三个特征:终极关怀、内发自生以及自由意志。诸如精神信仰危机、生活目标迷茫等区别于传统心理问题的精神问题已经成为现代人的顽疾。现代心理健康标准开始关注并尝试吸纳精神健康。精神健康是21世纪的健康主题,现代人不应仅仅满足于生理和心理的健康,还应寻求更高层次的精神健康。     

流动儿童家庭环境的特点及其对生活满意度的影响

以北京市1018名流动儿童和447名城市儿童为调查对象,采用家庭生活环境调查问卷、家庭功能问卷、学生多维生活领域满意度量表和学生总体生活满意度量表,考察流动儿童家庭环境的特点及其对生活满意度的影响。结果表明:(1)流动儿童的家庭经济状况和家庭功能均显著差于城市儿童。(2)父亲从事体力类工作显著负向预测流动儿童的环境满意度;家庭生活指数显著正向预测流动儿童的家庭、环境满意度及总体生活满意度;家庭居住的社区环境显著正向预测流动儿童的家庭和环境满意度。(3)家庭亲密度显著正向预测流动儿童的家庭、环境满意度和总体生活满意度,家庭的适应性显著正向预测其家庭满意度。     

Existential fulfillment and burnout among principals and teachers

The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of burnout in primary education teachers and primary school principals and to explore the relationship of existential fulfillment to self‐reported burnout scores. Random samples of 215 teachers and 514 principals participated in a cross‐sectional study using an anonymous, mailed survey. Two questionnaires were used in both studies. The Dutch version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for teachers was used to assess the teachers’ and principals’ burnout level. Second, existential fulfillment was measured by the Längle, Orgler and Kundi Existence Scale. The results of the present study indicated that teachers’ and principals’ existential fulfillment is related to their burnout level. Lack of existential fulfillment was an important burnout determinant. Unfortunately, this concept has been neglected to date. Existential fulfillment may be a significant and usable point of departure for devising psychological interventions aimed at teachers and principals.     

老年人生命教育发展研究

老年人生命教育既包括生死教育,也包括生命健康教育。老龄社会为老年人生命教育发展提供难得的机遇,如老年人生命问题为其发展提出了现实要求,“以健康为中心”理念为其提供了理念基础,各种政策为其发展提供了依据。但是,由于我国社会传统中的重“生”观念、以“治疗为中心”的理念、教育体系不完备以及生命教育内容融入问题等,严重制约老年人生命教育开展。为此,应当以生活方式医学重构老年人的生命健康理念,并在个人、社会及政府三个层面探索相关措施以推进老年人生命教育。