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该研究旨在通过问卷法和实验法考察初二学生在自然科学领域中的认识论观念及其对学习过程和策略的影响.研究一发现,在科学的动态性、有限性、客观性、理论价值取向、公众性以及对科学的态度兴趣等六种基本观念上,初二学生总体上持有较混合的看法;对科学的积极态度与学习者的物理学习成绩相关显著.研究二考察了科学观对科学发现学习的影响.科学的公众性观念与灵活应用测验成绩相关显著,科学的客观性观念及智力水平对科学发现学习中的控制性实验策略有重要影响. 相似文献
884.
本文修订了B.Button等人所编制的目标倾向调查问卷,修订后的问卷具有较好的信效度。选取了58名文科大二学生为被试,以本学期各科期末成绩作为绩效指标,经偏相关分析,结果表明:绩效目标倾向和中国近代教育史、管理学概论、世界文化史等科目的成绩有显著相关,学习目标倾向与儿童发展心理学、教育测量学、英语4级等科目的成绩有显著相关。两类目标倾向与英语成绩的关系随课程难度的不同而变化,在此基础上,作者提出在目标倾向与绩效的关系上,可以从资源需求的角度来加以考察。 相似文献
885.
Aim: This paper seeks to understand whether Maltese school counsellors are equipped to deal with dyslexic clients, considers whether specific strategies need to be used, and what positive effects, if any, counselling has on these clients. Previous studies: A literature review on self-concept and techniques on how to improve the self-concept of children with Learning Disabilities (LD)/Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLD) will place the current study in context. Method: Questionnaires (available from the authors on request) were distributed to all school counsellors on the island and analysed using content analysis. Findings: Findings from respondents indicate a need for more training, evidence-based knowledge of specific techniques when dealing effectively and successfully with dyslexic clients, specific specialised training to understand dyslexic clients and that counselling has a positive effect on dyslexic clients. 相似文献
886.
R. Keith Sawyer 《创造性行为杂志》2018,52(2):127-141
This paper reports on an interview study with MFA students in two different full‐time MFA degree programs in painting. The interviews were conducted as part of two ethnographic studies, each one academic year in length, of art and design schools at two U.S. universities. The goal was to explore the extended process whereby MFA student artists, in the second and final year of their degree program, create the works to be displayed in their public graduation exhibition. Using a grounded theory approach, an emergent theory was developed from the interviews, with additional information provided by studio observations and analyses of the graduation exhibitions and the accompanying written theses. This emergent theory describes the artistic creative process to be wandering, unpredictable, non‐linear, and embedded in the physical act of generating work. There is no evidence that either moments of insight, or the attempt to be original, play a role in their creative process. This emergent theory is compared with theories of the creative process by creativity researchers, and with theories of the design process proposed by design studies researchers. 相似文献
887.
Earlier studies addressed the effects of feedback frequency on movement accuracy and consistency. The authors additionally addressed the effects on motor automatization. High error feedback frequencies may induce attentional control processes and impede motor automatization. In a pre-post design, 42 participants were assigned to 2 groups with different feedback frequencies and practiced an arm movement sequence with 760 trials in 5 sessions. The 100% group practiced with feedback on 3 movement reversals of the sequence after each trial. The 14% group practiced with 14% frequency according to a fading schedule. Only the 14% group showed a decrease in dual-task costs indicating an increase in automaticity. Group differences in movement accuracy and consistency were not evident. 相似文献
888.
本研究基于双重认知控制理论,通过比较学困组和对照组在持续性操作任务上的表现来探究学习困难青少年的认知控制特点。结果发现:(1)在反应性控制的指标上,学困组和对照组的反应时和正确率不存在显著差异,但学困组对探测刺激的辨别力指数更低,显示学困组的反应性控制能力存在一定不足;(2)在主动性控制的指标上,学困组的反应时更长、正确率更低,且对线索刺激的辨别力指数更低,显示学困组在对线索刺激保持的各项指标上都比对照组更差,说明学困组在主动性控制上的缺陷更为明显。 相似文献
889.
AbstractDespite numerous studies on the subject of successful ageing, few studies address the issue from a learning potential (LP) perspective. In Latin America there is no empirical background describing LP in successful ageing. In this study, 157 elderly Argentines were categorized into ageing trajectories (successful, normal and pathological ageing) based on objective scores from autonomy level, cognitive performance and mood state scales. Subjects were assessed with classic neuropychological tests, a cognitive reserve scale and an LP test. The results show differences in LP and cognitive reserve according to different ageing trajectories. This study establishes a regional precedent of relevance in the study of LP in elderly people pursuing successful ageing. It also provides evidence of the usefulness of incorporating instances of delayed free recall and recognition in an episodic memory and LP test. 相似文献
890.
Maria Gropalis Michael Witthöft Josef Bailer Florian Weck 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2018,25(2):250-260
Exposure therapy has demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of pathological health anxiety—however, psychotherapy research reveals that many patients do not show a clinically significant change. Therefore, improvements are necessary to optimize psychotherapy for pathological health anxiety. Most treatment rationales refer to habituation during exposure as the central mechanism of change. However, there is evidence that extinction learning is mediated by inhibitory learning processes. Targeting these processes may help to improve treatment outcomes in pathological health anxiety. The aim of this review was to adapt, from the inhibitory learning approach and empirical findings, the most promising strategies for the exposure-based treatment of pathological health anxiety. The exposure-optimizing strategies adapted are expectancy violation, combination, variability in contexts and stimuli, affect labeling, and removal of safety signals. A case example illustrates how to implement these methods for patients with pathological health anxiety. 相似文献