De l’estime de soi et du sentiment d’auto-efficacité à la motivation au travail : le rôle médiateur du sens du travail chez les alternants en France

The purpose of this study was to test the links between self-esteem, the feeling of self-efficacy and the different forms of motivation. It also aimed to understand the mediating effect of the meaning of work between the variables. French work-integrated learning students (n = 471) completed a self-administered online questionnaire. The results showed significant links between self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy, work meaning, and different dimensions of motivation (extrinsic, intrinsic, and amotivation). In addition, the meaning of work played a mediating role in the relationship between self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy, and dimensions of motivation. This study showed the central mechanism of work meaning in work motivation.     

Detecting anonymous attacks in wireless communication medium using adaptive grasshopper optimization algorithm

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) is a system that monitors network traffic for suspicious activity and issues alert when such activity is revealed. Moreover, the existing IDSs-based methods are based on outdated attacks that unable to identify modern attacks or malicious trends. For this reason, in this study we developed a new multi-swarm adaptive grasshopper optimization algorithm to utilize adaptation mechanism in a group of swarms based on fuzzy logic to protect against sophisticated attacks. The proposed (MSAGOA) technique has the capability of global optimization and rapid convergence that are used to attain optimal feature subsets to identify attack types on IDS datasets. In the MSAGOA technique, learning engine as Extreme learning Machine, Naive Bayes, Random Forest and Decision Tree is applied as a fitness function to select the highly discriminating features and to maximize classification performance. Afterward, select the best classifier which works as a fitness function in our approach to measure the performance in terms of accuracy, detection rate, and false alarm rate. The simulations are performed on three IDS datasets such as NSL-KDD, AWID-ATK-R, and NGIDS-DS. The experimental results demonstrated that MSAGOA method has performed better and obtained high detection rate of 99.86%, accuracy of 99.89% in NSL-KDD and high detection rate of 98.73%, accuracy of 99.67% in AWID-ATK-R and detection rate of 89.50%, accuracy of 90.23% in NGIDS-DS. In addition, the performance is compared with several other existing techniques to show the efficacy of the proposed approach.     

双眼视差的神经机制与知觉学习效应

双眼瞳距使得空间某物体在左右眼视网膜的成像存在微小位置差异, 这种差异被称为双眼视差(binocular disparity), 是立体视知觉的重要信息来源。对双眼视差的心理物理学研究始于18世纪初, 迄今已有接近两百年的历史。近年来, 双眼视差研究主要集中在两方面。其一是用电生理、脑成像技术考察双眼视差在视觉背、腹侧通路的模块化表征, 其脑区表征反映出视觉系统的层级式、平行式加工规律。其二是应用知觉学习范式研究双眼视差的可塑性。未来研究应综合脑成像和神经调控技术考察双眼视差的神经机制及其学习效应, 包括双眼视差与多种深度线索间的信息整合和交互作用。应用方向上, 可结合虚拟现实等技术优化训练范式, 实现立体视力的康复和增强。     

象似性和手语学习经验对中国手语-汉语跨模态语义启动效应的影响

采用启动条件下的词汇判断任务,考察熟练手语使用者和无手语经验成年听人的跨模态语义启动效应。结果发现：1)在象似词条件下,两组被试判断汉语语义相关词的反应时均快于语义无关词,说明手语象似词和汉语词之间存在跨模态语义启动效应。2)在非象似词条件下,仅手语熟练被试判断汉语语义相关词的反应时快于语义无关词,无手语经验被试判断汉语语义相关词和无关词的速度没有差异。这是由于前者心理词库中的手语词和口语词共享语义表征,而后者主要依赖手语象似词的视觉模拟性。整个研究表明,中国手语和汉语间存在跨模态语义启动效应,但该效应受到手语词象似性和手语学习经历的调节。     

A systematic review of the effectiveness of machine learning for predicting psychosocial outcomes in acquired brain injury: Which algorithms are used and why?

Clinicians working in the field of acquired brain injury (ABI, an injury to the brain sustained after birth) are challenged to develop suitable care pathways for an individual client’s needs. Being able to predict psychosocial outcomes after ABI would enable clinicians and service providers to make advance decisions and better tailor care plans. Machine learning (ML, a predictive method from the field of artificial intelligence) is increasingly used for predicting ABI outcomes. This review aimed to examine the efficacy of using ML to make psychosocial predictions in ABI, evaluate the methodological quality of studies, and understand researchers’ rationale for their choice of ML algorithms. Nine studies were reviewed from five databases, predicting a range of psychosocial outcomes from stroke, traumatic brain injury, and concussion. Eleven types of ML were employed with a total of 75 ML models. Every model was evaluated as having high risk of bias, unable to provide adequate evidence for predictive performance due to poor methodological quality. Overall, there was limited rationale for the choice of ML algorithms and poor evaluation of the methodological limitations by study authors. Considerations for overcoming methodological shortcomings are discussed, along with suggestions for assessing the suitability of data and suitability of ML algorithms for different ABI research questions.     

The Natural Selection of Prediction Heuristics: Anchoring and Adjustment versus Representativeness

There are several heuristics which people use in making numerical predictions and these heuristics compete for the determination of prediction output. Some of them (e.g. representativeness) lead to excessively extreme predictions while others (e.g. anchoring and adjustment) lead to regressive (and even over-regressive) predictions. In this paper we study the competition between these two heuristics by varying the representation of predictor and outcome. The results indicate that factors which facilitate reliance on representativeness (e.g. compatibility between predictor and outcome) indeed lead to an increase in extremity, while factors that facilitate reliance on anchoring and adjustment (e.g. increased salience of a potential anchor) lead to a decrease in extremity.     

The Role of Professional Training Experiences and Manualized Programs in ABA Providers’ Use of Parent Training With Children With Autism

Parent training, in which providers teach parents intervention strategies to promote their children’s skill acquisition and/or behavior management, is considered a best practice in the treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and yet is underutilized in community settings. The present study examined the role of training experiences and manual use in promoting the use of parent training by community providers who serve children with ASD. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) providers (N = 1,089) from across the United States completed self-report questionnaires online. The total number of professional training experiences related to parent training significantly predicted the extensiveness of providers’ use of parent training. Receiving supervision in parent training, being trained in a specific parent training approach, taking a course related to parent training, and participating in self-guided learning (e.g., webinar) were unique predictors of parent training extensiveness. While only 15% of ABA providers used manualized parent training programs, using a manual was also a unique predictor of parent training extensiveness. Parallel multiple mediator analyses demonstrated that family-, provider-, and organization-level barriers all partially mediated the relationship between number of training experiences and parent training extensiveness; only provider- and organization-level barriers mediated the relationship between manual use and parent training extensiveness. Recommendations for training and supporting providers at the pre-service and in-service levels are discussed as a means of increasing access to parent training for children with ASD in community settings.     

A Phenomenological Study on the Experience of Syrian Asylum-Seekers and Refugees in the United States

Violence in Syria has displaced an unprecedented number of people from their homes. While couple/family therapy (C/MFT) scholars have explored migration experiences, particularly among refugees, there is still limited research using a bioecological framework. This exploratory study examined the experiences of Syrian asylum-seekers and refugees living in the United States using a qualitative phenomenological approach. Twelve Syrians (n = 8 men, n = 4 women) between 20 and 52 years of age (M = 35.8, SD = 10.7) were interviewed about their experiences across three stages of resettlement: (1) pre-resettlement, (2) resettlement/migration, and (3) post-resettlement. Findings suggest that the effects of conflict-induced displacement and resettlement permeate across multiple ecologies. These range from the individual and his or her interpersonal relationships to their larger community and society. C/MFTs should account for contextual factors while becoming familiar with the sociopolitical impact of displacement and resettlement in their clinical work with this population.