Relationality in Kohut's psychology of the self

In this essay, I will posit that Kohut's psychology of the self portrays relationality and that its relationality can be categorized into the explicit aspects. I will also put forth the six aspects of relationality contained in Kohut's psychology of the self as relational, dynamic, wholistic, unilateral, mutual, and doxological and they can be summarized as following: (1) Relational: Narcissism is not self-love but is a particular kind of object relationship; (2) Dynamic: The most central self is dynamic or agentic and not defined in substantival attributes; (3) Wholistic: The whole of the self is important; (4) Unilateral: In order for one's self to develop, one is in need of and at the receptive end of another's empathy; (5) Mutual: Others’ empathy is needed in maintaining the health of the developed selves; and (6) Doxological: Joy and thanksgiving are natural expression of developed selves.     

The Relational Co-Construction of Selves: A Postmodern Perspective

Viewed in postmodern perspective, psychotherapy functions less as a context for self-analysis or self-actualization than as a dialogic sphere for the co-construction of a new sense of identity within and beyond the therapeutic relationship. This article considers some of the implications of this shift for postmodern practice, focusing especially on the place of narrative and performance in consolidating a preferred sense of self.     

Promising New Developments in the Therapist–Client Relationship: A Philosophy of Science Review and Preview

Two questions were central: What are the current and what were the past new developments in the therapist–client relationship? By means of a “philosophy of science analysis,” what principles may be taken as helping to account for these new developments? Nine principles were identified in a review, including the articles in the present theme issue of the journal. The proposal and invitation are to use these nine principles to generate further, future, promising new developments in the therapist–client relationship.     

友伴关系与中学生的吸烟行为

友伴关系与中学生吸烟行为有非常直接的关系,然而,对此进行的研究却很少.社会网络结构分析技术的提出使研究者可以同时从友伴相互接纳和友伴地位两个角度对这一问题展开研究.从北京市1所普通中学和1所重点中学选取1091名初一至高三的学生为被试,运用NEGOPY软件包对中学生的友伴关系进行分析,结果发现,友伴相互接纳和友伴地位与中学生的吸烟行为都有显著的关系,为今后对中学生的吸烟行为进行预防和干预提供了非常重要的依据.     

论现代医学视野中的伦理与现代伦理视野中的医学

医学与伦理的关系从古代、近代到现代,经过了一个浑然一体、相互分离和重新融合的否定之否定过程。通过对这一过程的简要考察和分析,着重阐述了现代医学视野中的伦理与现代伦理视野中的医学应当所具有的本质形相。在现代医学视野中,现代医学伦理是来自人类伦理遗产和对现实生命道德问题的伦理认识结果两方面的理论交汇。现代伦理应当是多层次的理论与实践系统,其中包括道德哲学层次的思考;生命伦理中的道德原则和规范的构建;关于生命道德规范长入现代医学的机制问题的思考;现代医学伦理的发展与相关学科的相互借鉴的研究。在现代伦理的视野中,现代医学的本质在于,现代“大医学”的概念已经取代了对医学的传统认识;医学作为现代社会文化构成部分的特质逐渐地被揭示出来;现代医学已经成为特定社会职业群体以科学技术为主体的重要社会活动。站在现代医学和现代伦理各自的立场认识和了解对方,对全面把握二者之间的关系和推进二者之间的有机结合具有重要意义。     

Beyond beliefs: Challenging obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours within a collaborative counselling relationship

Three clients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder were studied using a multiple case study approach. Clients' experiences of cognitive‐behavioural therapy, in particular the impact of having their beliefs challenged, and their responses to self‐monitoring tasks and behavioural experiments were investigated. Data included case notes made during therapy, pre‐ and post‐therapy questionnaires, and post‐therapy semi‐structured interviews. Qualitative analysis of the data identified clients' obsessive beliefs, general negative beliefs and meta‐cognitive beliefs, and explored any post‐therapy changes in these beliefs. The results demonstrated similarities between cases in obsessive beliefs (e.g. inflated responsibility for harm), general negative beliefs (e.g. feelings of failure), meta‐cognitive beliefs (e.g. the need to control thoughts) and affect (e.g. guilt). Questionnaire data from all three clients suggested no clinically significant post‐therapy changes in general negative beliefs and meta‐cognitive beliefs. However, idiosyncratic changes in obsessive beliefs were reported during therapy and at post‐therapy interview, and clients reported improved functioning and decreased levels of distress during therapy and at interview. Responses to challenge were uniformly positive, but reactions to self‐monitoring and behavioural experiments varied across cases. The implications of these findings for the treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorder using cognitive behavioural techniques are discussed.     

线索熟悉性与易接近性对FOK影响的实验研究

本研究目的探讨线索熟悉性和易接近性与FOK判断的关系。两个实验以中文词为材料．采用重复启动操纵线索的熟悉性,用联想集大小操纵易接近性,线索词和目标词之间无联想关系。实验结果表明：线索熟悉性和易接近性都有促进FOK判断的作用,但二者对FOK的作用是独立的,且不同步。文章最后讨论了线索熟悉性与易接近性的控制条件可能影响二者在FOK判断上的关系。     

"面子"的定义及其功能的研究综述

面子是一个本土社会心理概念。有关面子的研究主要集中在两个方面,一是关于面子定义的探讨,二是关于面子功能的分析。本文对面子的相关研究做了综述,并进行了简要评价。     

The shaping of masculinity: Revisioning boys turning away from their mothers to construct male gender identity

This paper offers an understanding of the nature of the internalization processes involved in the shaping of male gender identity founded on the boy's unique struggles in separating from his mother. The underpinning for the initial development of a sense of masculinity is reconsidered as the author questions the widely held idea of Greenson and Stoller that a boy normatively has to 'dis-identify' from his mother to create his gender identity. Import rather is placed on the conscious and unconscious aspects of the mother's (and father's) pre-oedipal and oedipal relationship with their little boy in order better to understand the nature of the boy's unique identifications and subsequent sense of masculinity. Both the security of the boy's attachment to his mother, in providing the foundation for a transitional turning to an 'other', and the mother's capacity to reflect upon and recognize her own, as well as the father's and her son's, subjectivity and maleness, are crucial in comprehending boys' 'attachment-individuation' process. Likewise, the unconscious paternal and maternal imagos and identifications of both the boy's mother and father, as well as the father's pre-oedipal relationship with his little boy and the boy's mother, are extremely significant in shaping a son's gender identity. The author argues that these early maternal (and paternal) identifications live on in every male and continue to impact the sense of maleness in a dialectical interplay throughout the life span. A maturing gender identity develops from integrating these early, pre-oedipal maternal identifications that no longer need be repudiated nor defensively organized as polarized gender splitting.     

242例戒毒女性人际关系和自尊水平的调查与分析

以甘肃省两大戒毒所242例戒毒女性为调查对象,运用自尊量表(The Self-esteemScale-SES,Rasenberg,1965)和背景资料调查问卷,探究影响戒毒女性自尊、人际关系的因素。结果发现：(1)吸毒持续时间对戒毒女性的人际关系具有显著性影响;而戒毒次数及吸毒持续时间与戒毒次数的交互作用对她们人际关系的影响并不显著。(2)戒毒女性的自尊评分与正常人群的自尊评分存在着显著性差异;(3)吸毒持续时间对戒毒女性自尊评分存在显著性影响;戒毒次数及吸毒持续时间与戒毒次数的交互作用对戒毒女性自尊评分的影响并不显著。