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72.
Shepard RN 《Cognitive Science》2008,32(1):3-35
Examples from Archimedes, Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and others suggest that fundamental laws of physics were—or, at least, could have been—discovered by experiments performed not in the physical world but only in the mind. Although problematic for a strict empiricist, the evolutionary emergence in humans of deeply internalized implicit knowledge of abstract principles of transformation and symmetry may have been crucial for humankind's step to rationality—including the discovery of universal principles of mathematics, physics, ethics, and an account of free will that is compatible with determinism. 相似文献
73.
Robert D. Strochak 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2001,23(1):137-144
An essay review of Handbook of Couple and Family Forensics: A Sourcebook for Mental Health and Legal Professional. Florence Kaslow (Ed.) (2000), Wiley Series in Couples and Family Dynamics and Treatment, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 2000. Hard cover, 554 pages. ISBN 0–471–19129–9. $85.00 US. 相似文献
74.
We present a reconstruction of so-called classical, formal or Mendelian genetics using a notation which we believe is more
legible than that of earlier accounts, and lends itself easily to computer implementation, for instance in PROLOG. By drawing
from, and emending, earlier work of Balzer and Dawe (1986,1997), the present account presents the three most important lines
of development of classical genetics: the so-called Mendel's laws, linkage genetics and gene mapping, in the form of a theory-net.
This shows that the set theoretic representation format used in the structuralist approach to the philosophy of science also
applies to the domain of genetic theories. There construction is intended to lend more clarity to theme thodological, philosophical
and didactical discussions of the foundations of genetics, and on the other hand to defend a formally, logically minded view
of theories which seems to have become contested through the work of Feyerabend, Kuhn and Kitcher.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
75.
Brian P. McLaughlin 《Synthese》2009,170(2):251-274
One of the main challenges that Jerry Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn (Cognition 28:3–71, 1988) posed for any connectionist theory
of cognitive architecture is to explain the systematicity of thought without implementing a Language of Thought (LOT) architecture.
The systematicity challenge presents a dilemma: if connectionism cannot explain the systematicity of thought, then it fails
to offer an adequate theory of cognitive architecture; and if it explains the systematicity of thought by implementing a LOT
architecture, then it fails to offer an alternative to the LOT hypothesis. Given that thought is systematic, connectionism
can offer an adequate alternative to the LOT hypothesis only if it can meet the challenge. Although some critics tried to
meet the challenge, others argued that it need not be met since thought is not in fact systematic; and some claimed not to
even understand the claim that thought is systematic. I do not here examine attempts to answer the challenge. Instead, I defend
the challenge itself by explicating the notion of systematicity in a way that I hope makes clear that thought is indeed systematic,
and so that to offer an adequate alternative to the LOT hypothesis, connectionism must meet the challenge. 相似文献
76.
Peter Fischer Tobias Greitemeyer Andreas Kastenmüller Dieter Frey Silvia Oßwald 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2007,43(6):964-971
In recent times, international terrorism has become one of the most serious concerns of the modern Western world. As a consequence, the risk and fear of terrorism is more salient in people’s minds (i.e. terror salience), which is supposed to affect behavioral responses in our society. The present research suggests that increased punishment of violations of criminal laws is one societal reaction to increased terror salience. It was consistently shown that increased terror salience, induced by either varying the temporal distance from the London terrorist attacks of July 7, 2005 (Study 1), by vignettes in the form of newspaper articles manipulating the expected terror risk (Study 2), or by pictures of recent terrorist attacks (Studies 3 and 4), significantly increased the punishment assigned to a violation of criminal laws that was completely unrelated to terror (i.e. car theft and rape). Finally, Study 4 revealed that (a) the effect of terror salience on punishment is indeed due to increased perception of threat to social order and (b) that this effect cannot be explained by the general negative nature of the stimulus material employed in this study. 相似文献
77.
Ann Whittle 《Philosophical Studies》2006,130(3):461-497
Considerations upon the nature of properties and laws have led some philosophers to claim that the correct epistemic attitude
with regards to the intrinsic properties of particulars is scepticism. I examine one particularly clear version of this line
of argument, and contend that a serious form of scepticism is not established. However, I argue that the theories of properties
and laws underlying the argument have unwanted metaphysical implications. These provide a stronger reason to jettison the
analyses. I end by sketching an alternative view that avoids these difficulties. 相似文献
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79.
《Médecine & Droit》2020,2020(161):21-28
Legalization of self-conservation of ovocytes for personal convenience is considered by the second article of the bioethics legislative proposal, adopted by French National Assembly. This practice is aiming to allow men and women to keep their gametes for the purpose of a subsequent medically assisted procreation. Does this new liberty risks to take away a human's individual liberty and more specifically a women's one? Indeed, to legalize self-conservation of ovocytes for personal convenience means to extend the message whereby a woman could delay her maternity. The result would be an implicit pressure: as it becomes medically possible to privilege first of all a career and then to envisage maternity, woman seeking high performance must necessarily choose it. This technique could therefore hide a clear-cut decline for women's rights, again confronted with a cornelian choice, a family or a career. 相似文献
80.
The effective enforcement of traffic laws is critical for improved road safety outcomes. Decisions to follow traffic rules and pay fines are influenced by formal institutions (e.g. laws, court summons, and fines) as well as informal institutions (e.g. norms and aspects of culture). Formal and informal institutions create incentives that should be designed to steer individuals’ behaviour towards desired outcomes. Unfortunately, there is no reason to believe that the institutions to deal with traffic violations in South Africa currently create effective incentives. This paper discusses the findings of a controlled laboratory experiment, conducted with a sample of university students, that tested the efficacy of different financial incentives that may influence the payment of traffic fines. An early payment discount was compared to a late payment penalty (used in other countries, for example, some states in the USA), and to the absence of any incentives. Furthermore, we examined whether the willingness to settle fines is sensitive to the likelihood of detection by the authorities. We found that introducing financial incentives significantly increases voluntary payment of fines, irrespective of whether immediate payment is encouraged with a discount or late payment is discouraged with a surcharge. In addition, subjects are more sensitive to the likelihood of detection when financial incentives are present. 相似文献