不同性质的评价对特质焦虑者抑制功能影响的ERP研究

特质焦虑者作为焦虑障碍易感性个体,会表现出对威胁性刺激的注意偏向,从而损害中央执行系统的抑制功能。但是不同情绪性评价刺激会如何调控特质焦虑者的抑制功能还不太清楚。为此,本研究以脑电P3b为抑制功能指标,要求高低特质焦虑组在三种不同评价下完成反向眼跳范式,考察不同性质的评价如何影响特质焦虑的抑制功能。行为结果发现,高焦虑组比低焦虑组错误率更高;积极评价条件下,高焦虑组的反应时慢于低焦虑组。ERP结果进一步发现,无评价条件下,高焦虑组的P3b波幅大于低焦虑组;低焦虑者在积极评价条件下的P3b波幅大于消极评价条件,但是高焦虑者没有显著差异。结果表明,积极评价会损害高特质焦虑者的抑制功能,而消极评价则促进了高特质焦虑个体的抑制功能。     

基层组织领导人格特质研究

以文献分析、自由描述访谈、以及开放式问卷调查为基础,通过对800名军队基层军官的问卷调查,初步建立了基层军队魅力型领导人格特质模型.结果发现:军队魅力型领导人格特质模型包括社交性、感染性、坚韧性和开创性,与国外研究结果相比既有类似的因素,又有差异.     

Categories and Dimensions

ABSTRACT— The distinction between categories and dimensions has important consequences for basic and applied science in many areas of psychological research. Decisions as to whether individuals should be assigned to groups or located along one or more continua often are based on personal preferences or discipline-specific measurement traditions, which can lead to the creation, use, or reification of spurious categories or dimensions. Methods for evaluating the latent structure of psychological constructs, using powerful and informative tests between competing models, are available. Rather than choosing on a priori grounds, investigators can perform structural research to evaluate the strength and consistency with which results tease apart categorical and dimensional models. Here, we review why researchers should make this distinction empirically, briefly discuss methods available for doing so, and describe the breadth of areas ripe for exploiting the largely untapped potential of structural research.     

初中生自我调节学习的类型及对学习的影响

自我调节学习是一种学习者主动激励自己并积极使用适当的学习策略的学习,研究利用潜在剖面分析法和辨别分析法对316名初中生自我调节学习的类型进行考察,探讨不同自我调节学习类型初中生的特点,分析自我调节学习类型对学习动机、焦虑、学习成绩的影响。结果表明:(1)初中生自我调节学习分成综合发展型、均衡调节型和策略滞后型3种。(2)综合发展型初中生的自我调节学习水平最高,策略滞后型初中生的自我调节学习水平尤其是学习策略水平最低,而均衡调节型初中生的自我调节学习水平处于综合发展型和策略滞后型之间。(3)自我调节学习类型对学习动机、焦虑、学习成绩有影响。     

Progress in the Molecular-Genetic Study of Intelligence

ABSTRACT— The past decade has seen a major shift in the genetic study of human intelligence; where classic studies aimed to quantify the heritability of intelligence, current studies aim to dissect this heritability into its molecular-genetic components. Five whole-genome linkage scans have been published in the past year, converging on several chromosomal (or genomic) regions important to intelligence. A handful of candidate genes, some of which lie in these genomic regions, have shown significant association to intelligence and the associations have been replicated in independent samples. Finding genes brings us closer to an understanding of the neurophysiological basis of human cognition. Furthermore, when genes are no longer latent factors in our models but can actually be measured, it becomes feasible to identify those environmental factors that interact and correlate with genetic makeup. This will supplant the long nature–nurture debate with actual understanding.     

人格特质对意识提取和无意识提取影响的实验研究

运用加工分离程序,该研究考察了神经质和内外倾对意识提取和无意识提取的影响,结果表明:1)被试的意识提取和无意识提取均存在显著个体差异;2)当意识与无意识分离以后,所有被试的无意识提取贡献都显著大于意识提取;3)神经质被试对正性词以及内外倾被试对外向词的无意识提取均有明显个体差异;4)内—外倾被试对相关特质词的意识提取的个体差异不如无意识提取显著。     

Effects of intergroup upward comparison, trait self-esteem, and identity shift on state self-esteem and affect in upward comparison with in-group members

The present study investigated factors that protect people low in trait self-esteem (Low-SEs), who may be less skilled at constructing information in self-enhancing manners, from threats after interpersonal upward comparison with in-group members. We hypothesized that even Low-SEs can maintain their state self-esteem under intergroup upward comparison. Furthermore, this study explored the possibility that individuals used identity-shift, a strategy to maintain their personal identity, even in an intergroup upward comparison condition. The results of a quasi-experiment supported these hypotheses. We further explored the possibility that individuals might use a twofold strategy to protect/enhance their self-esteem based on an interplay of personal and social identity.     

Trait anger and anger expression style in children's risky decisions

In this study, 104 children completed a task, measuring risk decision-making, and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescents. Subjects were also asked to evaluate the degree of danger, benefit, fun and fear perceived for each risky choice. Analyses indicated that (a) risk decision-making was predicted by both trait anger and outward expression of anger; (b) appraisal of danger fully mediated the relationship between trait anger and risk; (c) perceptions of benefit, scare and fun partially mediated the relationship between trait anger and risk; and (d) appraisal of danger partially mediated the relationship between outward expression of anger and risk decision-making. The results provide evidence for a relationship between dispositional anger and risk decision-making during childhood, suggesting a possible explanation of the mechanisms below. In particular, risk decision-making can be viewed as the output of cognitive and emotive processes, linked to dispositional anger that leads children to be amused, optimistic and fearless in potentially risky situations. These findings substantiate the importance of incorporating cognitive and emotive factors in theories that seek to explain the relationship between personality traits and risk decision-making across a broad age range.     

The relationship between pain tolerance and trait aggression: effects of sex and gender role

The literature on pain and aggression has indicated that pain elicits aggression. However, research has generally examined pain as a situational variable and focused less on the dispositional ability of an individual to tolerate pain. The dearth of research on pain tolerance and aggression appears to contradict the existing theory on the aggression‐eliciting effect of pain, in that studies have found a positive relationship between pain tolerance and aggression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the relationship between pain tolerance and aggression is moderated by sex and whether the positive relationship could be explained by masculine gender role conformity. A sample of 195 collegiate men and women completed trait measures and a laboratory assessment of pain tolerance. Results indicated that correlations between pain tolerance and trait aggression were significant and positive for men but not women. However, when men's conformity to masculine gender role was controlled for, the relationship between pain tolerance and trait aggression was nil and nonsignificant. Results are discussed in reference to socialization and maintenance of masculine status. Aggr. Behav. 35:422–429, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.