Perspectives of a Pastoral Counselor

No abstract available for this article.     

代际团结潜在类别与关系质量对自陈健康及幸福感的影响

本研究考察了成年子女与其父母的代际关系中团结和关系质量对代际双方身体和心理结果的影响。研究1中,对中国成年子女（N=1283）的潜在类别分析结果显示是六种代际团结类别,多项逻辑回归表明两代人的特征会影响团结潜在类别和关系质量。研究2中,对367对中国成年子女-父母（N=734）的报告进行等级线性建模,行动者-搭档互依模型结果指出好的团结潜在类别（自我和搭档报告的）和好的关系质量（自我报告的）与两代人的高幸福感相关,好的团结潜在类别（自我和搭档报告的）和好的关系质量（自我和搭档报告的）预测了两代人的低心理苦恼;其中代际和性别调节了团结类别和关系质量对自我报告健康及幸福感的作用,同时,两代人团结类别的交互作用和评价的相似性也影响了幸福感和心理苦恼。     

Model based clustering of large data sets: Tracing the development of spelling ability

There are two main theories with respect to the development of spelling ability: the stage model and the model of overlapping waves. In this paper exploratory model based clustering will be used to analyze the responses of more than 3500 pupils to subsets of 245 items. To evaluate the two theories, the resulting clusters will be ordered along a developmental dimension using an external criterion. Solutions for three statistical problems will be given: (1) an algorithm that can handle large data sets and only renders non-degenerate clusters; (2) a goodness of fit test that is not affected by the fact that the number of possible response vectors by far out-weights the number of observed response vectors; and (3) a new technique,data expunction, that can be used to evaluate goodness-of-fit tests if the missing data mechanism is known. Research supported by a grant (NWO 411-21-006) of the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research.     

Cumulative semantic inhibition in picture naming: experimental and computational studies

We report an experiment in which subjects named 120 pictures, consisting of series of five pictures drawn from each of 24 semantic categories (and intermixed with 45 fillers). The number of intervening trials (lag) between successive presentations of members of the same category varied from two to eight. Subjects' naming latencies were slowed by 30 ms for each preceding member of the category. This effect was both cumulative and linear, and unrelated to the lag elapsing since the previous presentation of a category member. These results definitively demonstrate the occurrence of cumulative interference for word retrieval by prior retrieval of other exemplars of the same semantic category-cumulative semantic inhibition. We claim that this inhibition effect could only occur if the spoken word production system possesses three specific properties (competition, priming, and sharing of semantic activation). We provide computational-modelling evidence in support of this claim. We show that no current theory of spoken word production has all of these properties. In their current form, all these theories are falsified by these results. We briefly discuss the obstacles that may be encountered by current models were they modified to account for our findings.     

The Hard Issues of Life

In pastoral counseling, the practitioner and client face the most difficult human problems. An authentic encounter and subsequent connection with one's fundamental Being often occurs, creating a direct existential knowing of what is. Because there are no directions or steps in a protocol to follow in this process, it is helpful for the client to reframe his/her existential search for Being as a Rite of Passage, comprising three distinct, but not separate stages—the separation phase, the initiation phase, and the return or integration phase. Such a process permits the individual a realization of what is through his/her own life circumstances, as a meaningful progression of spiritual growth.decorated Vietnam combat veteran and a marriage, family, and child counselor specializing in treatment of PTSD     

Who do we trust? Differences in types of trust and beliefs in conspiracy theories between vaccinated and unvaccinated Europeans across 17 European countries

A plethora of research has highlighted that trust in science, political trust, and conspiracy theories are all important contributors to vaccine uptake behavior. In the current investigation, relying on data from 17 countries (N = 30,096) from the European Social Survey we examined how those who received (and wanted to receive the COVID-19 vaccine) compared to those who did not differ in their trust in: science, politicians and political parties, international organizations and towards people in general. We also examined whether they differed in how much they believed in conspiracy theories. Those who received (or wanted to receive) the COVID vaccine scored significantly higher in all forms of trust, and lower in conspiracy theory beliefs. A logistic regression suggested that trust in science, politicians, international organizations, as well as belief in conspiracy theories were significant predictors, even after accounting for key demographic characteristics.     

A growth mindset intervention to improve mental health in adolescents during COVID-19

COVID-19 poses a considerable threat to adolescent mental health. We investigated depression rates in teens from pre to post-COVID. We also explored if leveraging a growth mindset intervention (“Healthy Minds”) could improve adolescent mental health outcomes during the pandemic, especially for adolescents experiencing the most distress. In Study 1, we recruited youth from schools in a rural southern community (N = 239) and used a pre-post design. In Study 2, we recruited an online sample (N = 833) and used a longitudinal randomized control trial design to test the effectiveness of Healthy Minds. Across both studies, there is evidence of higher rates of depression in youth during COVID-19, relative to pre-pandemic numbers. In Study 1, the intervention effectively changed psychological and behavioral processes related to mental health, especially for adolescents experiencing greater COVID-19 stress. However, in Study 2, the intervention failed to impact depression rates or symptoms at follow-up.     

Uncertainty and risk during the COVID-19 pandemic: A latent profile analysis

In the present study, we examine how subgroups of people are characterized by different profiles of uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, susceptibility, and recovery. Participants (N = 199) were U.S. residents recruited online for a longitudinal study during the summer of 2020. We first, identified groups using latent profile analysis (LPA) and then examined whether these profiles predicted differences in COVID-related risky and preventative behaviors. LPA identified five distinct profiles of people representing a combination of low and high uncertainty and low, moderate, and high risk perceptions. Results revealed that latent-profile group membership predicted intention to interact with others outside of the household, intention to engage in non-essential shopping, intention to attend an in-person religious gathering, intention to wear a mask in public, and self-reported physical distancing in the past week. Profile membership did not predict intentions to: dine out, go to the nail/hair salon, go to the gym, nor physically distance from others in the future, nor did it predict handwashing in the past week.     

Bayesian hierarchical response time modelling—A tutorial

Response time modelling is developing rapidly in the field of psychometrics, and its use is growing in psychology. In most applications, component models for response times are modelled jointly with component models for responses, thereby stabilizing estimation of item response theory model parameters and enabling research on a variety of novel substantive research questions. Bayesian estimation techniques facilitate estimation of response time models. Implementations of these models in standard statistical software, however, are still sparse. In this accessible tutorial, we discuss one of the most common response time models—the lognormal response time model—embedded in the hierarchical framework by van der Linden (2007). We provide detailed guidance on how to specify and estimate this model in a Bayesian hierarchical context. One of the strengths of the presented model is its flexibility, which makes it possible to adapt and extend the model according to researchers' needs and hypotheses on response behaviour. We illustrate this based on three recent model extensions: (a) application to non-cognitive data incorporating the distance-difficulty hypothesis, (b) modelling conditional dependencies between response times and responses, and (c) identifying differences in response behaviour via mixture modelling. This tutorial aims to provide a better understanding of the use and utility of response time models, showcases how these models can easily be adapted and extended, and contributes to a growing need for these models to answer novel substantive research questions in both non-cognitive and cognitive contexts.