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981.
学习迁移泛指一种学习对另一种学习的影响,一般指先前学习已获得的知识、技能、方法和态度对以后学习新的知识技能及研究解决问题的影响。通过学习迁移现象在中医教学过程中的不同表现,指出学习迁移规律是符合中医的教学规律的,有意识地应用学习迁移规律能够很好地促进中医教学,并就如何应用学习迁移规律改进中医教学提出了自己的看法。 相似文献
982.
通过南京市8个区、县4873户居民的基线调查,掌握居民对医疗服务的实际利用情况,通过比较医疗需求与利用之间的差距,发现存在很大的潜在医疗服务需求市场。从医疗服务供需双方分析其产生的原因,找出医疗服务需求与利用的主要影响因素,从而探讨如何将这部分潜在需求合理转化。 相似文献
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Hamberger MJ 《Neuropsychology review》2007,17(4):477-489
One challenge in dominant hemisphere epilepsy surgery is to remove sufficient epileptogenic tissue to achieve seizure freedom
without compromising postoperative language function. Electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) of language was developed specifically
to identify essential language cortex in pharmacologically intractable epilepsy patients undergoing left hemisphere resection
of epileptogenic cortex. Surprisingly, the procedure remains unstandardized, and limited data support its clinical validity.
Nevertheless, ESM for language mapping has likely minimized postoperative language decline in numerous patients, and has generated
a wealth of data elucidating brain–language relations. This article reviews the literature on topographical patterns of language
organization inferred from ESM, and the influence of patient characteristics on these patterns, including baseline ability
level, age, gender, pathology, degree of language lateralization and bilingualism. Questions regarding clinical validity and
limitations of ESM are discussed. Finally, recommendations for clinical practice are presented, and theoretical questions
regarding ESM and the findings it has generated are considered. 相似文献
986.
Utilization of cancer genetic risk assessment can be profoundly influenced by an individuals’ knowledge of risk assessment,
attitudes regarding illness and healthcare, and affective reactions derived from social norms. Race and ethnicity play a powerful
role in the development of an individual's attitudes and should be considered when attempting to understand a person's openness
to cancer genetic risk assessment (Lannin et al., 1998). Until recently, however, cancer screening and prevention programs have been primarily based on data from studies
conducted with the Caucasian population, yielding data that are not fully applicable to the African American community. In
the last several years, research findings regarding African American's knowledge, attitudes, and feelings about genetic counseling
and testing have grown (Matthews et al., 2000; Singer et al., 2004; Thompson et al., 2003). However, to the authors’ knowledge, these data have yet to be presented in a manner that both summarizes the barriers
that African Americans have reported regarding cancer genetic risk assessment, while at the same time suggesting methods individual
genetic counselors can utilize during community presentations to help address these barriers. This article will first summarize
previous empirical findings regarding African Americans’ knowledge, attitudes, and feelings about cancer genetic risk assessment.
The article will then apply adult learning theory to those findings to provide genetic counselors with practical, theory based
techniques to apply toward community based educational programs with African American groups. 相似文献
987.
The abilities to learn and to categorize are fundamental for cognitive systems, be it animals or machines, and therefore have attracted attention from engineers and psychologists alike. Modern machine learning methods and psychological models of categorization are remarkably similar, partly because these two fields share a common history in artificial neural networks and reinforcement learning. However, machine learning is now an independent and mature field that has moved beyond psychologically or neurally inspired algorithms towards providing foundations for a theory of learning that is rooted in statistics and functional analysis. Much of this research is potentially interesting for psychological theories of learning and categorization but also hardly accessible for psychologists. Here, we provide a tutorial introduction to a popular class of machine learning tools, called kernel methods. These methods are closely related to perceptrons, radial-basis-function neural networks and exemplar theories of categorization. Recent theoretical advances in machine learning are closely tied to the idea that the similarity of patterns can be encapsulated in a positive definite kernel. Such a positive definite kernel can define a reproducing kernel Hilbert space which allows one to use powerful tools from functional analysis for the analysis of learning algorithms. We give basic explanations of some key concepts—the so-called kernel trick, the representer theorem and regularization—which may open up the possibility that insights from machine learning can feed back into psychology. 相似文献
988.
José Luis Bermúdez 《The Journal of Ethics》2007,11(3):319-335
In Thinking without Words I develop a philosophical framework for treating some animals and human infants as genuine thinkers. This paper outlines
the aspects of this account that are most relevant to those working in animal ethics. There is a range of different levels
of cognitive sophistication in different animal species, in addition to limits to the types of thought available to non-linguistic
creatures, and it may be important for animal ethicists to take this into account in exploring issues of moral significance
and the obligations that we might or might not have to non-human animals.
I am grateful for comments on an earlier version from Robert Francescotti and Clare Palmer. 相似文献
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