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91.
Counter-terrorism strategies rely on the assumption that it is possible to increase threat detection by providing explicit verbal instructions to orient people's attention to dangerous objects and hostile behaviours in their environment. Nevertheless, whether verbal cues can be used to enhance threat detection performance under laboratory conditions is currently unclear. In Experiment 1, student participants were required to detect a picture of a dangerous or neutral object embedded within a visual search display on the basis of an emotional strategy ‘is it dangerous?’ or a semantic strategy ‘is it an object?’. The results showed a threat superiority effect that was enhanced by the emotional visual search strategy. In Experiment 2, whilst trainee police officers displayed a greater threat superiority effect than student controls, both groups benefitted from performing the task under the emotional than semantic visual search strategy. Manipulating situational threat levels (high vs. low) in the experimental instructions had no effect on visual search performance. The current findings provide new support for the language-as-context hypothesis. They are also consistent with a dual-processing account of threat detection involving a verbally mediated route in working memory and the deployment of a visual template developed as a function of training.  相似文献   
92.
    
Token systems are widely used in clinical settings, necessitating the development of methods to evaluate the reinforcing value of these systems. In the current paper, we replicated the use of a multiple-schedule reinforcer assessment (MSA; Smaby, MacDonald, Ahearn, & Dube, 2007) to evaluate the components of a token economy system for 4 learners with autism. Token systems had reinforcing value similar to primary reinforcers for 2 of the 4 learners, but resulted in lower rates of responding than primary reinforcers for the other 2 learners. Differentiated responding across learners may warrant variation in clinical recommendations on the use of tokens. The results of this study support formal assessment of token system effectiveness, and the MSA procedure provides an efficient method by which to conduct such assessments.  相似文献   
93.
    
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are often more selective in their food preferences than their typically developing peers. Additionally, many preferred food selections have minimal nutritional value. We evaluated the preference for, and reinforcing efficacy of, fruits and vegetables compared with salty and sweet foods, which are often used as edible reinforcers. Multiple-stimulus preference assessments were conducted to identify preferred foods, and reinforcer assessments were conducted to determine the reinforcing efficacy of more preferred foods. Fruits and vegetables were sometimes preferred over salty or sweet foods and often functioned as reinforcers. Future research should incorporate fruits and vegetables into preference assessments when identifying putative reinforcers.  相似文献   
94.
    
The traditional recommendation for sequencing speaker and listener instruction has been to teach listener skills prior to teaching speaker skills. In a review of the research literature prior to 2011, Petursdottir and Carr (2011) concluded that research did not support this recommendation. We reviewed the most recent research on the efficiency of skill acquisition during speaker and listener instruction and found similar results to Petursdottir and Carr. Recommendations for future research and practice are provided.  相似文献   
95.
    
To understand human language—both spoken and signed—the listener or viewer has to parse the continuous external signal into components. The question of what those components are (e.g., phrases, words, sounds, phonemes?) has been a subject of long‐standing debate. We re‐frame this question to ask: What properties of the incoming visual or auditory signal are indispensable to eliciting language comprehension? In this review, we assess the phenomenon of language parsing from modality‐independent viewpoint. We show that the interplay between dynamic changes in the entropy of the signal and between neural entrainment to the signal at syllable level (4–5 Hz range) is causally related to language comprehension in both speech and sign language. This modality‐independent Entropy Syllable Parsing model for the linguistic signal offers insight into the mechanisms of language processing, suggesting common neurocomputational bases for syllables in speech and sign language. This article is categorized under:
  • Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
  • Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain
  • Linguistics > Computational Models of Language
  • Psychology > Language
  相似文献   
96.
    
Recruiters routinely use LinkedIn profiles to infer applicants' individual traits like narcissism and intelligence, two key traits in online network and organizational contexts. However, little is known about LinkedIn profiles' predictive potential to accurately infer individual traits. According to Brunswik's lens model, accurate trait inferences depend on (a) the presence of valid cues in LinkedIn profiles containing information about users' individual traits and (b) the sensitive and consistent utilization of valid cues. We assessed narcissism (self-report) and intelligence (aptitude tests) in a sample of 406 LinkedIn users along with 64 LinkedIn cues (coded by three trained coders) that we derived from trait theory and previous empirical findings. We used a transparent, easy-to-interpret machine learning algorithm leveraging practical application potentials (elastic net) and applied state-of-the-art resampling techniques (nested cross-validation) to ensure robust results. Thereby, we uncover LinkedIn profiles' predictive potential: (a) LinkedIn profiles contain valid information about narcissism (e.g. uploading a background picture) and intelligence (e.g. listing many accomplishments), and (b) the elastic nets sensitively and consistently using these valid cues attain prediction accuracy (r = .35/.41 for narcissism/intelligence). The results have practical implications for improving recruiters' accuracy and foreshadow potentials and limitations of automated LinkedIn-based assessments for selection purposes.  相似文献   
97.
    
Interpreting a seemingly simple function word like “or,” “behind,” or “more” can require logical, numerical, and relational reasoning. How are such words learned by children? Prior acquisition theories have often relied on positing a foundation of innate knowledge. Yet recent neural-network-based visual question answering models apparently can learn to use function words as part of answering questions about complex visual scenes. In this paper, we study what these models learn about function words, in the hope of better understanding how the meanings of these words can be learned by both models and children. We show that recurrent models trained on visually grounded language learn gradient semantics for function words requiring spatial and numerical reasoning. Furthermore, we find that these models can learn the meanings of logical connectives and and or without any prior knowledge of logical reasoning as well as early evidence that they are sensitive to alternative expressions when interpreting language. Finally, we show that word learning difficulty is dependent on the frequency of models' input. Our findings offer proof-of-concept evidence that it is possible to learn the nuanced interpretations of function words in a visually grounded context by using non-symbolic general statistical learning algorithms, without any prior knowledge of linguistic meaning.  相似文献   
98.
    
Experiences of tension and difficulties in emotion regulation have been linked to eating pathology in clinical samples and are targeted in respective treatment approaches. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of tension on engagement in disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and potential moderating effects of trait emotion regulation in young people from the general population. A subsample of 971 adolescents and young adults from an epidemiological cohort study reported on levels of tension and four different DEBs (skipping eating, restrained eating, eating large amounts of food, loss-of-control-eating) via ecological momentary assessment (EMA), as well as on trait emotion regulation via questionnaire. In multilevel models, momentary tension did not predict levels of subsequent DEBs. However, higher average levels of tension across the EMA period predicted higher levels of all DEBs. No interactions with emotion regulation emerged. Individuals experiencing overall higher levels of tension appear to be more prone to engaging in DEBs.  相似文献   
99.
不同母语类型留学生表达汉语句子的比较   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
王永德 《心理学报》2004,36(3):274-280
以汉语句式为测试材料,研究留学生母语是否影响他们习得汉语的问题。结果发现,留学生在主动宾句、主谓谓语句/领属句、主谓谓语句(受事主语句)和“把”字句2上的成绩表现出与其母语类型相关的规律性,母语是英语的留学生与母语是日语和韩语的留学生有显著差异。与母语语法规则接近的汉语句式较易掌握,反之就较难。这一结果提示,母语语法影响留学生习得汉语语法,在初等汉语水平阶段需要按授课对象的母语类型组织教学。  相似文献   
100.
对人才的需求已经引起各国政府和国际组织对教育的高度重视,纷纷在国家和地区层面进行大规模的教育评估。在大尺度教育评估中,如何向政府、管理者和公众报告学生表现是不可避免的重要问题。报告学生表现有多种方式,领域分数作为管理者和公众最容易理解和接受的分数报告工具之一,在近些年受到研究者和实践者的关注,因此也成为了大型教育评价项目的必然选择。文中将介绍群体领域分数的起源和定义,并重点介绍群体领域分数的估计方法和相关研究,最后对未来开展进一步研究进行展望。  相似文献   
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