重估测谎决策的Bayes推断试验

谎与非谎的情绪反应没有独立的客观标准,以Polygrapy构成技术的测谎缺乏稳定的效度。本研究尝试运用Bayes方法分析一项实测案例,计算两名被试的低显性测谎反应结果,使准确判决有谎的概率由机会水平50％分别调整到可明确分辩的74％和49％,从决策分析角度为改良测谎程序和提高测谎效率提供了一种新的操作思路。     

碰撞事件探测和躲避的心理分析

该文界定了由视觉信息所决定的“碰撞”和“制动操作”的概念,探讨了影响人们探测碰撞事件的各种心理认知因素。在此基础上进一步就机动车司机如何基于环境信息及个体和社会信息校正驾驶制动行为,以躲避碰撞、达到安全行驶的心理策略等问题进行了深入地剖析。     

Types of responding in a signal-detection task

Four pigeons were trained to discriminate between two line orientations in a two-alternative forced-choice procedure. The distribution of reinforcers for the two types of correct response was varied across conditions. Performance on each trial was recorded separately, including the time taken to make a choice response. Discriminability and response-bias measures were calculated for overall performance, and, following a median split of the data from each condition, for faster and slower choice responses in each condition. Discriminability between the stimuli did not vary systematically as a function of choice latency. Variations of the reinforcer distributions produced larger response biases for the faster responses than for the slower responses. Responses on trials following reinforcers were faster and showed a greater effect of the reinforcer distribution than did other responses. Behavioral models of signal detection should consider the speed of the choice response as a factor modulating the effects of reinforcer distributions.     

CRT信号显示的刺激率和信号率对警觉作业的影响

本实验系统地考察了在不同刺激率、信号率条件下警觉水平的变化 ,并分析了以往警觉理论的适应条件。实验一采用 5次 /分、1 5次 /分和 30次 /分的刺激率条件 ,发现检测正确率在各条件下随时间的变化是由于 d′下降所致 ,而β值基本不变 ,可以认为警觉随时间下降是由于疲劳所致 ;中等刺激率条件下的 d′最高 ,低刺激率次之 ,高刺激率最差并且高刺激率导致被试唤醒水平降低。实验二在 30次 /分的高刺激率条件下变化信号率 (分别为 3次 /分、6次 /分和 1 2次 /分 ) ,发现信号率变化不会改变 d′,但导致β值的变化 ,可以认为高信噪比导致被试的唤醒水平升高     

Differential reinforcement and signal detection.

Reinforcement was introduced for responses normally treated as errors in signal-detection procedures. The first experiment used a standard two-response discrete-trial procedure with no reinforcement for errors. Results showed that rats altered their response biases but maintained constant sensitivity to visual signals when reinforcement probabilities varied, and that their sensitivity depended on the physical difference between signals, in accordance with the predictions of signal-detection theory. Experiment II, with rats, and Experiment III, with pigeons, demonstrated that sensitivity decreased in this procedure when reinforcement was scheduled for errors with the signals held constant, despite independence of overall number of reinforcers and sensitivity. Experiment IV, with rats, replicated the decrease in sensitivity in a continuous procedure employing only one response. The decrements in sensitivity were similar across Experiments II, III, and IV, and accorded well with earlier research. Thus, contrary to a fundamental assumption of signal-detection theory, estimates of sensitivity are not always invariant with respect to the outcomes of responding, but depend on relative reinforcement of correct responses.     

DETECTION OF THE VELOCITY OF MOVEMENT OF VISUAL STIMULI BY PIGEONS

Nine pigeons were trained to discriminate a moving stimulus from a stationary stimulus. In one experiment, the stimulus was a rotating disc with radial stripes. In a second experiment, the stimulus was a vertically moving film strip with horizontal bars. Several psychophysical procedures were used to determine the minimal detectable velocity of movement. The detection thresholds for most of the pigeons fell in the range of 4.4 to 6.5 millimeters per second, corresponding to a retinal velocity of 4.1 to 6.01 degrees per second. A signal detection analysis of the psychophysical data indicated systematic changes in response bias that were related to the ordinal position of the stimulus velocity in the sequence.     

变化盲视的最新研究进展

变化盲视指观察者不能探测到客体或情境中的变化 ,是近十年以来认知心理学的研究热点之一。变化盲视可发生在各种实验条件下。例如 ,在扫视、眨眼、电影镜头切换时发生的变化以及真实情景的交互作用中发生的变化 ,观察者都有可能探测不到。本文介绍了近年来对于变化盲视的研究成果 ,包括经常使用的实验范式和对这个现象的解释等     

基于多维题组反应模型的项目功能差异检验探究

本文将多维题组反应模型（MTRM）应用到多维题组测验的项目功能差异（DIF）检验中,通过模拟研究和应用研究探究MTRM在DIF检验中的准确性、有效性和影响因素,并与忽略题组效应的多维随机系数多项Logistic模型（MRCMLM）进行对比。结果表明：（1）随着样本量的增大,MTRM对有效DIF值检出率增高,错误率降低,在不同条件下结果的稳定性更高;（2）与MRCMLM相比,基于MTRM的DIF检验模型检验率更高,受到其他因素的影响更小;（3）当测验中题组效应较小时,MTRM与MRCMLM结果差异较小,但是MTRM模型拟合度更高。     

结合选择题与主观题信息的两阶段作弊甄别方法

为提高对高分作弊者和低抄袭比例作弊者的检验力,模拟600名考生的作答,设置3种抄袭比例（60%,80%和100%）和3种抄袭源能力（能力百分等级为60%,80%和100%）,设计两阶段作弊甄别法,第一阶段使用lz指数筛选个人拟合差的异常考生,第二阶段针对这些异常考生使用ω指数进行精确甄别。结果表明该法对高分作弊者和低抄袭比例作弊者的检验力优于仅使用答案抄袭检测法。     

GKT范式在确定犯罪嫌疑人中的应用：一项ERP测谎研究

刑事犯罪已成为当今各国面临的普遍性社会问题,因此急需可靠有效的测谎技术以适应当前打击犯罪的严峻形势。本研究采用犯罪知识测试范式（Guilty knowledge test, GKT）,以犯罪嫌疑人为对象,以真实犯罪现场为素材,探究真实环境下与测谎探测相关的脑电指标（P300、CNV）的有效性和可靠性。行为数据显示,目标刺激的反应正确率显著小于探测和无关刺激,探测刺激的反应时显著小于目标刺激和无关刺激。脑电数据显示,相较于目标刺激和无关刺激,探测刺激诱发的P300波幅最大且P300的检出率为92.5%,而在CNV指标上目标刺激诱发的波幅最大, 无关刺激次之,探测刺激最小。结果表明,与CNV相比,P300能够有效检测被试所隐藏的犯罪细节信息,且检出率较高,稳定性较好,是一种较为可靠的测谎指标。