某院3年医院感染患者细菌分离及耐药性分析

应用WHONET5．3软件对2005年1月至2007年12月检出的1749株病原菌种类、分布及其耐药性进行统计分析。结果发现院内感染病原菌以条件致病菌为主,革兰阴性菌检出率61．8％,革兰阳性菌的检出率33％,真菌检出率为5．2％。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌属的ESBLs阳性率分别为34．4％和48．9％,MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为40．8％和36．4％。大多数病原菌对抗生素产生多重耐药性。由此可见,由于临床抗生素的广泛使用,病原菌不断变迁且其耐药性逐渐上升,应加强耐药性监测及合理使用抗生素,以有效控制细菌感染和耐药性播散。     

基于时空变化的步态识别算法研究

本文提出了一种八椭圆人体模型,并在此基础上提出了基于变化信息的步态识别算法。对每个视频序列,采用基于贝叶斯规则的检测算法检测出目标人体区域;将目标人体区域按比例划分为八个区域并分别用椭圆拟合,建立人体椭圆模型;用人体姿势的时空变化——相邻帧间的模型参数的差值作为特征,用归一化后的Mahalanobis距离和Euclidean距离分别进行相似性度量,NN和KNN技术用于最终的分类。实验结果表明,该算法拥有较高的识别率和较低的计算代价。     

情绪影响认知加工策略内隐机制的实验研究

大量研究表明情绪可以影响加工策略：积极情绪与简单的启发式加工相联系,而消极情绪与系统的精细加工相联系。本研究运用信号检测论的方法,将被试的判定标准与加工能力分离开来,结果发现,虽然对两组被试（积极情绪组、消极情绪组）的回忆任务均提出相同的明确要求,但积极情绪组仍然运用了较为宽松的判定标准,反映了情绪对认知加工策略的无意识影响。另外,d＇值在两组间没有差异表明积极情绪组并不缺少加工能力。在此基础上,认为应该放弃从能力的角度看待情绪与加工方式之间的关系,注重研究情绪与具体加工特点之间的关系。     

变化盲视的最新研究进展

变化盲视指观察者不能探测到客体或情境中的变化 ,是近十年以来认知心理学的研究热点之一。变化盲视可发生在各种实验条件下。例如 ,在扫视、眨眼、电影镜头切换时发生的变化以及真实情景的交互作用中发生的变化 ,观察者都有可能探测不到。本文介绍了近年来对于变化盲视的研究成果 ,包括经常使用的实验范式和对这个现象的解释等     

Symmetric receiver operating characteristics

For receiver operating characteristic curves to be symmetric the signal distribution must be an orientation-reversing involution of the noise distribution on the strength axis.     

Studying Stereotype Accuracy from an Integrative Social‐Personality Perspective

This article proposes an integrative framework for understanding the accuracy and inaccuracy of stereotypes. Specifically, we highlight research issues and traditions from social and personality psychology that do not often intersect, but which can be mutually informative. Within this framework, the social psychologist's interest in the accuracy of group stereotypes is conceptually much like a personality psychologist's interest in the accuracy with which perceivers can identify types of individuals, for example extraverts. Both fields make use, implicitly or explicitly, of personal attributes and behaviors (cues) in assessing accuracy of beliefs about group or individual traits. By using Brunswik's lens model perspective in combination with concepts from signal detection theory, judgments of stereotypes can be discovered to be accurate or inaccurate depending on how perceivers judge or use the cues. In drawing on research traditions and theoretical frameworks from both social and personality psychology, researchers can go beyond an all‐or‐nothing stance regarding stereotype accuracy to achieve a more nuanced understanding of when, how, and to what extent stereotypes are accurate.     

New perspectives on binding in visual working memory

How does visual working memory (WM) store the binding between different features of a visual object (like colour, orientation, and location), and does memorizing these bindings require additional resources beyond memorizing individual features? These questions have traditionally been addressed by comparing performance across different types of change detection task. More recently, experimental tasks such as analogue (cued) recall, combined with analysis methods including Bayesian hypothesis testing and formal model comparison, have shed new light on the properties of WM. A significant new perspective is that noise in neural representation limits the precision of recall, and several recent models incorporate this view to account for failures of binding in WM. We review the literature on feature binding with a focus on these new developments and discuss their implications for the interpretation of classical findings.     

Reducing suggestibility to additive versus contradictory misinformation in younger and older adults via divided attention and/or explicit error detection

Younger and older adults are more suggestible to additive (not originally included) versus contradictory (a change to the original) misleading details. Only suggestibility to contradictory misinformation can be reduced with explicit instructions to detect errors during exposure to misinformation. The present work examines how to reduce suggestibility to additive misinformation and whether attentional resources at exposure similarly influence additive and contradictory misinformation. During the misleading question phase, attention and error detection were manipulated. Participants answered the questions under full or divided attention, and some were instructed to mark detected errors. On the final test, additive misinformation was endorsed more than contradictory misinformation despite equivalent error detection. However, dividing attention reduced suggestibility for additive misinformation, whereas successful error detection showed evidence of reducing contradictory misinformation, providing further evidence for the dissociation between these types of misinformation. Additionally, dividing younger adults' attention did not consistently result in a pattern paralleling older adults.     

动物面孔的识别优势:一项基于快速扫视任务的研究

为了检验视觉注意分配的类别性偏好,采用快速扫视任务,以首次扫视的正确率和反应时作为指标,探寻动物是否有和面孔类似的注意捕获优势; 如果有,则该优势发生在基本类别层次还是上位类别层次。结果发现:(1)相对于非动物而言,动物更容易捕获观察者注意;(2)当动物(狗)作为目标刺激,匹配同领域基本层次的动物(猫)作为分心刺激时,注意捕获优势消失;(3)动物的注意优势是领域间效应。     

Optimistic metacognitive judgments predict poor performance in relatively complex visual tasks

In some cases, people overestimate how much they can see. This can produce a metacognitive blind spot that may lead participants to devote fewer cognitive resources than a visual task demands. However, little research has tested whether individuals who are particularly optimistic about their visual capabilities are susceptible to poor visual performance. We tested whether optimistic metacognitive judgments would predict poor performance in a visual task, especially when it placed a large attentional load on the participant, and when it required balancing between multiple sources of information. We tested participants in a simplified battle command simulation in which they were asked to detect visual changes. Participants who predicted spatially expansive visual attention performance performed more poorly in the change detection task when the task required tracking larger numbers of aircraft, and when it included a secondary change-list display.