Judgments of blame and forgiveness: A comparison of young adults,older adults,and older adults with dementia

<b>Introduction</b>Alzheimer's disease may modify moral judgment.<b>Objective</b>In two studies, we assessed the impact of dementia on blame and forgiveness. Study 1 compared the ways in which young adults, older adults, and older adults with dementia cognitively integrated two factors. Study 2 assessed the number of different factors that older adults with dementia were able to integrate during these moral judgments.<b>Method</b>The participants recorded their moral judgements in a blame task and in a forgiveness task. In study 1, the two questionnaires contained scenarios built from the combination of two factors. In study 2, the participants were confronted with the same tasks under three different conditions with scenarios that combined three, four or five factors.<b>Results</b>The data from study 1 showed that the older adults with dementia did not combine the two factors in the same way as young adults did: the combination depended on the type of moral judgment. Study 2 revealed differences in moral judgment between older adults with dementia and adults without dementia in all tasks (i.e. with three, four or five factors combined).<b>Conclusion</b>Dementia has an impact on moral judgments. Moral judgment among people with dementia is both task- and condition-dependant.     

Improving parent–child interactions through interactive reading workshops

<b>Introduction</b>Many authors agree on the importance of training parents in early literacy strategies.<b>Objective</b>This study analyses the effects of an intervention to improve parent–child interactions during reading sessions, using interactive reading techniques.<b>Method</b>The design is exploratory and includes a treatment group (<em>n</em> <!-- -->=<!-- --> <!-- -->22), which benefited from four interactive reading workshops, and a control group (<em>n</em> <!-- -->=<!-- --> <!-- -->18), which did not benefit from specific training. Both groups read the same books, three times a week, for 10<!-- --> <!-- -->weeks. The children come from middle socioeconomic backgrounds and attend preschool or kindergarten (grades 1–3).<b>Results</b>The analyses were conducted on the basis of pre- and post-intervention video observations, coded using the Adult–Child Interactive Reading Inventory (ACIRI). Results from an ANCOVA show that parental behavior, and in turn child behavior, improves in post-intervention: parents improve their children's attention to the text and implement literacy strategies, while the children become more involved in the interactions.<b>Conclusion</b>Interactive reading workshops for parents improve the quantity and quality of parent–child interactions when reading books in a natural and playful context.     

Psychosis,symbol, affectivity 2: another perspective on the treatment of psychotic disorder

This is the second of two papers concerning our study into an integrated approach to psychotic disorders conducted at the University Psychiatry Unit of Palermo’s Polyclinic over approximately 15 years; this paper concentrates on the clinical phenomena. The study aimed to find the best possible treatment and to improve the prognosis of this patient group. We have explored the efficacy of a range of psycho-therapeutic (cognitive-behavioural, systemic-relational, psychodynamic, group and others), psycho-pharmaceutical, psychiatric rehabilitative and psycho-educational treatments, with a hermeneutic approach instead of a systematic one. The study’s conclusions, described in the paper, are that all psychotic functions start with a nuclear psychic issue connected to emotional development. We describe how the most significant symptoms of acute psychotic manifestations (delusions and misperceptions) make use of an encrypted psychological meaning that can be decoded through the patient’s symbolic language. This language is a key element in diagnosis and in the choice of treatment. The paper describes how we revised our understanding of psychosis from being a brain disease to being a process aimed at the rearrangement of psychic functioning. Our significant results are described.     

Empirically distinguishing interpersonal styles within romantic relationships: What is helpful or harmful when having a goal for your romantic partner?

<b>Introduction</b>Relationship research rooted in self-determination theory often focuses on autonomy support. However, rarely is this interpersonal style considered alongside other facets of relational behaviours such as directive support and control.<b>Objective</b>The present study aimed to distinguish the three styles by providing a tool that can simultaneously assess them.<b>Method</b>A total sample of 710 French Canadians involved in a romantic relationship was used for factor extraction and test of dimensionality as well as reliability. Predictive validity was tested using multiple linear regressions with six outcomes: well-being, relationship quality, closeness, goal progress, cooperation and conflicts.<b>Results</b>Results suggested three distinct interpersonal styles, each of which showing a different pattern of prediction with the outcomes. Overall, autonomy support was associated with positive outcomes, whereas control was associated with negative outcomes. As for directive support, the global pattern was between the two others.<b>Conclusion</b>The present research offers a scale which simultaneously assesses and distinguishes the autonomy-supportive, directive-supportive and controlling styles in a romantic relationship context using three items each. By examining the associations between these three interpersonal styles and various outcomes four months later, this study sheds light on helpful and harmful behaviours in relation to the goals people have for their romantic partner.     

Re-thinking necessity (al-Darūra) in al-Ghazālī's understanding of physical causation

The present article analyzes al-Ghazālī's (1058 – 1111) effort to reconcile the theological concept of a causally efficacious Creator with the idea of regularity, and thus, predictability, in physical nature. Al-Ghazālī reframed the necessity (al-darūra) of causal relationships in nature in order to achieve two goals: one, theological and the other, epistemological. His intellectual solution ultimately preserved both the human ability to know material causal relations as well as divine creative omnipotence, in particular, God's ability to perform miracles. The Muslim discussion thus indirectly contributed to Western speculative thinking on this problem. The balanced approach that al-Ghazālī took, nevertheless, fell by the wayside within the Islamic environment where it was either ignored, or only partially understood, or narrowly and imperfectly interpreted. In the purely Muslim context, it also is essential to underscore the importance of al-Ghazālī's epistemological discoveries in laying the groundwork for the establishment of a paradigm of natural scientific speculation in the medieval Islamic world.     

Is weight-related bullying addressed in school-based anti-bullying programs?

<b>Introduction</b>The high prevalence and numerous negative correlates of weight-related bullying among youth emphasize the need to prevent and counter this phenomenon in school settings. This scoping review aims at: (a) determining whether the anti-bullying programs identified in previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses take weight-related bullying into account, and (b) pinpointing effective intervention strategies against weight-related bullying.<b>Literature findings</b>None of the 10 systematic reviews and meta-analyses retained addressed weight-related bullying directly. However, their findings highlighted some intervention strategies that may help prevent and reduce this type of bullying.<b>Discussion and conclusion</b>The results underscore the need to consider weight-related bullying more closely in anti-bullying programs implemented in elementary, middle, and high schools. It is also important to target the intervention strategies most likely to lead to the prevention and reduction of weight-related bullying. Such strategies could include, for example: (a) education, training, and awareness-raising, for school personnel, concerning weight bias, norms and prejudices; and (b) social and emotional support for students who are victims of weight-related teasing or bullying.     

Relationships at work and psychosocial risk: The feeling of belonging as indicator and mediator

<b>Introduction/objective</b>This article highlights the links between, one the one hand, the feeling of belonging to the work group and, on the other hand, the tension and burnout experienced, amongst 444 employees in a hospital centre.<b>Methodology</b>The methodology is based on the use of 4 self-administered questionnaires (Karaseck's JCQ, Maslach's MBI, Quality of relationships with parties concerned and Feeling of belonging) and is based on correlations and multiple regressions.<b>Results</b>The results highlight the fact that relationships perceived as generally relaxed with the different people concerned (care team, doctors, management and administrative staff), predicted Karaseck's three dimensions and those assessed by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Similarly, the feeling of belonging predicted all these variables. Most of the time it played a mediating role between the perceived quality of relationships and the different measures of well-being at work. So, the feeling of belonging seems to be a variable of interest, which can play a key role in the prevention of suffering at work.     

Changes in cannabis use in emerging adulthood: The influence of peer network,impulsivity, anxiety and depression

<b>Introduction</b>Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug with the highest prevalence reported among 15- to 24-year-olds. This specific period of emerging adulthood constitutes a critical age for substance use and for future consumption. Cannabis use patterns change during college or university and the post-college transition; users are at greater risk of adverse health outcomes (especially if they start or maintain a pattern of frequent use).<b>Objectives</b>The overall aim of this study was to highlight psychological and relational factors that might be associated with changes (including cessation and fluctuation) in cannabis use during this specific period, separately for males and females.<b>Methods</b>The subjects were 682 first-year college students (69.94% of female), aged between 18 and 25<!-- --> <!-- -->years (M<!-- --> <!-- -->=<!-- --> <!-- -->18.59<!-- --> <!-- -->years, SD<!-- --> <!-- -->=<!-- --> 1.56). Four groups were formed according to cannabis consumption: “non-users” (54.64%), “desisting users” (14.04%), “fluctuating users” (16.23%), and “persistent users” (15.07%). A self-report questionnaire was administered to evaluate prevalence, frequency and trajectory of use, number of peer cannabis users, alcohol use, impulsivity, anxiety (trait and social) and depression.<b>Results</b>Females appear more sensitive to the romantic partner's consumption than males. For both sexes, having more friends who use cannabis appears to be a determinant. Depression and anxiety were not related to changes in cannabis use. Impulsivity is a significant factor for the maintenance of cannabis use in emerging adulthood, with higher lack of premeditation for males and higher sensation seeking for females among fluctuating and persistent users.<b>Conclusions</b>Results are discussed in terms of maintenance of use and the spiral of consumption, including clinical implications for prevention and interventions.     

S’engager c’est consentir CE, 7 juin 2018 : no 406207

Information obligation on medical acts during medical examination is on the whole of the examination. The idea of information on each act seems to be swept over. Despite the age of the facts, the implication of the decision can be seen in the Universal national service project.     

Influence du leadership éthique sur l’engagement affectif et l’épanouissement psychologique : le rôle médiateur de la satisfaction vis-à-vis de l’équilibre entre domaines de vie

The inter-professional national agreement of 19 June 2013 emphasizes the role of managers in promoting quality of work life. The latter aims jointly at employees’ health and company performance due to commitment. In the present study we tested the indirect effect of ethical leadership on affective commitment and psychological flourishing via satisfaction with work–family balance. Among employees, 221 filled out a questionnaire. The results indicate, on the one hand, the positive links between ethical leadership and affective commitment and psychological flourishing, and on the other hand the mediating role of satisfaction with work–family balance in these two relationships. We provide recommendations to improve quality of work life.