Choice and Logic

There is a little known paradox the solution to which is a guide to a much more thoroughgoing solution to a whole range of classic paradoxes. This is shown in this paper with respect to Berry<img src="/content/t078mp356145l023/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">s Paradox, Heterologicality, Russell<img src="/content/t078mp356145l023/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">s Paradox, and the Paradox of Predication, also the Liar and the Strengthened Liar, using primarily the epsilon calculus. The solutions, however, show not only that the first-order predicate calculus derived from Frege is inadequate as a basis for a clear science, and should be replaced with Hilbert and Bernays<img src="/content/t078mp356145l023/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> conservative extension. Standard second-order logic, and quantified propositional logic also must be substantially modified, to incorporate, in the first place, nominalizations of predicates, and whole sentences. And further modifications must be made, so as to insist that predicates are parts of sentences rather than forms of them, and that truth is a property of propositions rather than their sentential expressions. In all, a thorough reworking of what has been called <img src="/content/t078mp356145l023/xxlarge8216.gif" alt="lsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">logic<img src="/content/t078mp356145l023/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> in recent years must be undertaken, to make it more fit for use.Portions of this paper have previously been published in <i>Logical Studies</i>, vol. 9, http://www.logic.ru/LogStud/09/No9-06.html, and the <i>Australasian Journal of Logic</i>, vol. 2, http://www.philosophy.unimelb.edu.au/ajl/2004/2004_4.pdf.     

A narwhal is an animal: partial word knowledge biases adults' decisions

Adults' accuracy on a sentence verification task was measured to assess reliable biases in their responses as a function of their level of knowledge about the target words, as well as adults' ability to reject incorrect ontological category membership for their partially known words. Three levels of word knowledge (known, frontier, and unknown) were assessed in two experiments. Results indicated that participants were conservative decision-makers about sentences using the vocabulary words and that the conservative bias increased in strength as their level of knowledge about the target word increased. When biased guessing was discouraged, results indicated that participants were able to accurately identify both correct and incorrect sentences using targets at all three levels of knowledge, including their partially known words, but were least reliable at rejecting false sentences using unknown targets. Implications for the role of <img src="/content/q1102925412p44l0/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">knowing not<img src="/content/q1102925412p44l0/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> in adults' vocabulary acquisition are discussed.     

The differences between cerebral dominance patterns in the speed and accuracy of information processing among university students

<b>Introduction</b>The subject of cerebral dominance has received great attention by researchers; however, there is a paucity of studies that have examined its relationship to information processing.<b>Objective</b>The current study aims to reveal the differences between the cerebral dominance patterns (left cerebral dominance, right cerebral dominance, integrated parallel cerebral dominance) in the speed and accuracy of information processing.<b>Method</b>A sample of (182) volunteers university students, (mean age<!-- --> <!-- -->±<!-- --> <!-- -->SD, 19.92<!-- --> <!-- -->±<!-- --> <!-- -->2.76 years; range, 18–24<!-- --> <!-- -->years; 68 male, 114 females). The Human Information processing survey was applied to the participants. Each subject was exposed to two elementary cognitive tasks (Stroop task and Eriksen flanker task). Each task included two experimental conditions: first, the congruent condition that reflects the automatic processing of information; second, the incongruent condition that reflects the controlled processing of information.<b>Results</b>The results of the study revealed that there were no differences between the patterns of cerebral dominance in the speed and accuracy of information processing.<b>Conclusion</b>Although the relationship between cerebral dominance and information processing is not significant, we need more studies to examine this relationship in other samples and in other experimental conditions.     

Champions of innovation: A moderated mediation model of job crafting and discretionary effort

<b>Introduction</b>Research on the behavioral antecedents of employee championing behavior lacks scholarly investigation. The current study aims to fill this gap by studying behavioral interventions as the antecedents of championing behavior.<b>Objective</b>The current study has proposed and tested a moderated mediation model that states that perceived opportunity to craft cultivates championing behavior among employees. This relation is mediated by job crafting, whereas employee willingness to exert extra effort invigorates this relationship.<b>Method</b>The current study is based on survey-based data collected in three-time lags from employees working in the IT sector organizations.<b>Results</b>The results supported the proposed model leading to the revelation that perceived opportunity to craft enhances championing behavior among employees through job crafting, and employee discretionary efforts moderate this indirect relationship.<b>Conclusion</b>The results prove that behavioral interventions play a significant role in predicting championing behavior, whereas discretionary effort acts as a boundary condition. The results of the current study offer several theoretical and practical insights, but it also has a few limitations. This study opens several future research avenues that are discussed in the end.     

Maternal fatigue and burnout: From self-forgetfulness to environmental expectations

<b>Objective</b>The main objective of this study is to explore, through a qualitative approach, maternal and family expectations that could be related to maternal fatigue and exhaustion. The secondary objective is to identify aspects that could be specific to a specific age group.<b>Method</b>A total of fourteen French mothers aged 28 to 42 (mean age 32<!-- --> <!-- -->±<!-- --> <!-- -->4.3 years), with at least one child under 10 years of age, participated in a Focus Group. Mothers were grouped into two groups according to the age of their child(ren): 1) with children between 0 and 1 year of age; 2) with children between 1 and 10 years of age. Several themes were discussed: mothers’ sacrifices and efforts, maternal fatigue and exhaustion, maternal, family and social expectations, and means of prevention. A thematic analysis and a classification analysis were carried out.<b>Results</b>The thematic analysis revealed that exhaustion is partly related to expectations and family and social remarks. The classification analyses showed that mothers’ discourse can be classified into three classes: the first class called “Self-forgetfulness and its consequences” (38.1%); the second class called “The mother as the main manager of the family's daily life” (39.2%) and the third “Social pressure” (22.7%).<b>Discussion</b>This exploratory study shows that maternal exhaustion has its origin in the tasks and responsibilities often associated with maternal role as well as in the pressure exerted by family and friends. Although differences exist between mothers in the two groups, several factors appear to be independent of the age of the children. Prevention strategies are discussed in this article.     

Opening the closed heart: affect-focused clinical work with the victims of early trauma

This paper begins with the understanding that early trauma leads to powerful dissociative defenses which injure the capacity to feel. It further explores ways to restore this capacity through body-centred attention to affect-in-the-moment in the psychoanalytic situation. Using the author’s personal experience while in analysis as well as a case of severe early trauma, he demonstrates the consciousness-killing effect of primitive defenses and shows how body-sensitive techniques hold the promise of restoring the patient’s sense of aliveness and hence, opening the unconscious to those affect-images that are the building blocks of the human imagination. A final section focuses on the neglect of feeling in Jungian psychology and suggests that the “creation of consciousness” which Jung described as his personal myth, is quintessentially a process of emotional transformation – of bringing unconscious suffering into consciousness – as feelings.     

Commands as Divine Attributes

Theories of ethics that attempt to incorporate divine speech or commands as necessary elements in the construction of moral obligations are often viewed as vulnerable to a challenge based on the so‐called Euthyphro dilemma. According to this challenge, opponents of theistic ethics suppose that divine speech either informs one of a preexisting set of values and obligations, which makes it inconsequential, or is entirely arbitrary, which makes it irrational. This essay analyzes some of the debates on the nature of divine commands in eleventh‐century works of Islamic jurisprudence (<i>u?ūl al‐fiqh</i>). I show that Mu?tazilī jurisprudents advanced the view that divine commands were actions performed in time that had concrete manifestations, while Ash?arīs argued that divine speech in general, and commands in particular, were eternal divine attributes. After exposing certain weaknesses in the <i>Euthyphro</i>‐inspired objections to theistic ethics, I argue that the Ash?arī idea of commands as divine attributes is a promising move for scholars interested in defending a divine command view of moral obligation.     

The effect of autonomous and controlled motives on eating dysregulation: Implications for individuals classified as underweight,overweight or obese

<b>Introduction</b>Controlled and autonomous motivational factors from self-determination theory have previously been highlighted as key factors in eating regulation. The present study examined controlled motives as an overarching motivational factor in eating dysregulation and examined its effects on dieting behaviour for those who are underweight, overweight or obese.<b>Objective</b>To examine whether the influence of controlled motives on dieting behaviour would be moderated by body mass index (BMI). Specifically, it was hypothesised that controlled motives would be associated with high levels of dieting behaviour in underweight individuals and low levels of dieting behaviour in individuals classified as overweight or obese.<b>Method</b>One hundred and thirty-seven participants completed the measures of height, weight, and motivation and intentions towards watching their diet and subsequently completed a measure of dieting behaviour two weeks later.<b>Results</b>Moderated regression and simple slopes analyses provided support for the hypothesised effects at underweight, overweight, and obese range BMIs.<b>Conclusion</b>The effect of controlled motives on dieting behaviour is dependent upon BMI and therefore varies across underweight, overweight, and obese individuals. The implications of controlled motives and external pressures to watch one's diet are discussed.     

Regulation of exercise behaviour and motives for physical activities: The Italian validation of BREQ and MPAM-R questionnaires

Based on self-determination theory, the purpose of the present study was to provide the first Italian validation of two different instrument to assess the exercise behaviour: the Mullan et al.’s (1997) BREQ, which measures external, introjected, identified and intrinsic forms of regulation and Ryan et al.’s (1997) MPAM-R, which assesses five distinct motives for physical activity (appearance, health and fitness, social, competence, and enjoyment). Confirmatory factor analysis conducted on data collected from 1995 students attending three different secondary schools empirically supported respectively the four-factor structure of behavioural regulation and the five-factor structure of motives for physical activity, supporting convergent and discriminant validity of both scales. Furthermore, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed the invariance of the factor structures, structural parameters and correlations of the two scales across gender. Criterion-related validity of the scales also received partial empirical support. Finally, the factor structure of behavioural regulation and motives for physical activity was empirically supported when both constructs were included in a single measurement model.     

Team coaching: One more clue for fostering team effectiveness

<b>Introduction and objectives</b>The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of team coaching (provided by the leader and by peers) on team performance and on the members’ satisfaction with the team. The mediated role of peer coaching in the relationship between leader coaching and individual and team results was also analyzed.<b>Method</b>Adopting a multilevel approach and a cross-sectional design, 506 employees from 75 teams were surveyed. In the test of the hypotheses, multiple regression and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) were computed.<b>Results</b>The results showed a direct positive effect of peer coaching on individual and team outcomes, and also a mediated effect of peer coaching in the relationship between leader coaching and both outcomes measured.<b>Conclusions</b>Our findings put forward the importance of coaching in the achievement of team goals.