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191.
Joshua D. Clapp J. Gayle Beck 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(3):256-263
Quantification of posttraumatic numbing (PTN) has largely been limited to the assessment of a small number of items taken
directly from the DSM. The current study takes steps to expand the content validity of PTN through examination of the Glover
Numbing Scale (GNS), one of the few available measures specific to PTN. Specifically, the factor structure of the GNS and
its convergence with DSM-based indices of PTN were examined in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors (MVA; N = 288). Whereas the 5-factor structure originally proposed by Glover et al. Anxiety 1:70–79 (1994) evidenced a poor fit to the sample data, exploratory analysis suggested a 1-factor structure underlying data collected from
the sample. Furthermore, GNS scores derived from this solution evidenced a strong convergent relationship with DSM-based PTN.
These data suggest that alternative indicators contained within the GNS may be used to expand current conceptualizations of
PTN.
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J. Gayle BeckEmail: |
192.
Angela Scarpa Anthony O. Wells Michelle A. Patriquin Akiho Tanaka 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(9):809-258
The current retrospective study examined thought control strategies, or cognitive techniques individuals use to deal with unpleasant thoughts following stressful events, as potential mediators of adjustment in young women with histories of child sexual abuse (CSA). In a sample of 76 undergraduate women who self-reported on abuse experiences, thought control strategies, and current trauma symptoms, several key findings emerged: (i) Greater severity of the CSA event was associated with greater reported use of worry and punishment strategies and less use of social control strategies; (ii) Increased use of worry and punishment strategies following the CSA event was associated with greater levels of trauma symptoms, while increased use of social control strategies following the CSA event was associated with lower levels of trauma symptoms; and (iii) Worry, punishment, and social control strategies served as mediators between CSA severity and trauma symptoms. The results suggest that thought control strategies, specifically increased worry and punishment, and decreased social control, play a vital role in understanding adjustment after CSA. Future research should examine the roles of these cognitive control strategies as possible avenues of intervention following CSA. 相似文献
193.
Suzanne L. Pineles Jillian C. Shipherd Sheeva M. Mostoufi Sarah M. Abramovitz Iftah Yovel 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(12):1050-1057
Attentional biases to trauma-related stimuli have been widely demonstrated in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the majority of these studies used methods not suited to differentiating difficulty disengaging attention from threatening stimuli (interference) from facilitated detection of threat. In the current study, a visual search task (VST) with a lexical decision component was used to differentiate between attentional interference and facilitation. Forty-six sexual assault survivors with High PTSD or Low PTSD symptoms completed the VST with three types of stimuli (trauma-related, general threat-related, and semantically-related neutral words), to examine the specificity of attentional biases associated with PTSD symptoms. High PTSD participants showed increased interference to trauma-related words relative to Low PTSD participants. Furthermore, the increased attentional interference in High PTSD participants was specific to trauma-related stimuli. No evidence was found for facilitated detection of threatening stimuli in PTSD. These results provide additional support for attentional biases in PTSD relating to attentional interference with trauma-related cues rather than facilitated detection of threat. The implications for this pattern of results are discussed in relation to anxiety disorders that are characterized by rumination and/or intrusions (e.g., PTSD, GAD) rather than those more circumscribed to fight or flight response (e.g., phobias). 相似文献
194.
Christina W. Hoven Cristiane S. Duarte Ping Wu Thao Doan Navya Singh Donald J. Mandell Fan Bin Yona Teichman Meir Teichman Judith Wicks George Musa Patricia Cohen 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2009,12(2):95-112
Children’s reactions after being exposed to mass violence may be influenced by a spectrum of factors. Relatively unexplored
is the extent to which family exposure to mass violence may affect child mental health, even when these children have not
been directly exposed. In a representative sample of NYC public school children assessed 6 months after the September 11,
2001 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC), seemingly elevated rates of psychopathology were recorded among children of WTC
evacuees. Children of NYC First Responders (police officers, EMTs, and fire fighters) displayed a complex pattern of response
to the WTC attack. Overall, the findings from this previous study support putative transmission of trauma to children whose
parents were exposed to the WTC attack. The “Children of First Responder and WTC Evacuee Study”—a two-site longitudinal study—is
currently underway in the United States (New York City) and in Israel (Tel Aviv area) in an effort to understand the impact
of different patterns of mass violence. The NYC sample permits us to examine the impact of a rare instance of mass violence
(e.g., WTC attack), while the Israeli sample provides information about repeated and frequent exposure to mass violence brought
about by acts of terrorism. In addition, children’s exposure to mass violence is considered in the context of their exposure
to other potentially traumatic events. This study aims to improve our general understanding of the impact of mass violence
on children, especially the psychological effects on children whose parents’ work experiences are by nature stressful. Knowledge
generated by this study has implications for guiding efforts to meet the needs of children who have, directly or through a
family member, been subjected to rare or infrequent mass violent event as well as to children whose exposure to mass violence
is part of daily life. 相似文献
195.
Attachment Representation and Sensitivity: The Moderating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Refugee Sample
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It has been hypothesized that adult attachment representations guide caregiving behavior and influence parental sensitivity, and thus affect the child's socio‐emotional development. Several studies have shown a link between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and reduced parental sensitivity, so it is possible that PTSD moderates the relationship between insecure attachment representations and insensitivity. In this study symptoms of PTSD (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), parental sensitivity (Emotional Availability Scales), and attachment representations (Attachment Script Assessment) were assessed in 53 parents who were asylum seekers or refugees. Results showed that when parents were less able to draw on secure attachment representations, symptoms of PTSD increased the risk of insensitive parenting. These findings suggest that parental sensitivity is affected not just by attachment representations, but by a conjunction of risk factors including symptoms of PTSD and insecure attachment representations. These parents should therefore be supported to establish or confirm secure models of attachment experiences, to facilitate their ability interact sensitively and form a secure relationship with their children. 相似文献
196.
Childhood Adversity and the Continued Exposure to Trauma and Violence Among Adolescent Gang Members
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Katherine Quinn Maria L. Pacella Julia Dickson‐Gomez Liesl A. Nydegger 《American journal of community psychology》2017,59(1-2):36-49
This study investigates interfaith groups from across the United States to understand how these religious settings may serve as mediating structures to facilitate individual political action. Based on a multilevel modeling analysis with 169 individuals from 25 interfaith groups, we found that core activities of the group, such as group members sharing community information (e.g., announcing upcoming events, political meetings, community issues) or sharing religious information (e.g., educating members about their religion) positively and negatively predicted individual political action as a result of group participation, respectively. Moreover, a sense that the interfaith group served as a community to work for local change, but not trust within the group, predicted political action as a result of group participation. However, this effect for a sense the group served as a community to work for local change was stronger and more positive as the degree of community information sharing in the group increased. These results show that a core activity of sharing community information may enhance the ability of a group to mediate political action. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential role of interfaith groups to mediate political action, and show the importance of considering both individual and group characteristics when understanding these religious settings. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed. 相似文献
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199.
Fear and avoidance of driving are possible consequences of involvement in road traffic crashes (RTCs). Few studies have assessed the factors associated with fear and avoidance of driving after an RTC. The aim of this present study is to investigate the relations among trauma appraisals of fear, negative driving cognitions, fear and avoidance of driving in a sample of people who experienced vehicle crashes. Further, the mediating role of negative driving cognitions in the relation between trauma appraisals, fear of driving and avoidance of driving was assessed. The sample was comprised of 116 drivers who had been involved in an RTC in the past two years. Negative driving cognitions positively predicted fear of driving and avoidance of driving. Moreover, negative driving cognitions mediated the relation among trauma appraisals of fear with fear of driving and avoidance of driving. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
200.
BackgroundAthletes experience adversity across many aspects of their lives. Challenging the dominant idea that adversity is just a negative experience, a significant body of research in sport has demonstrated that these adverse events can also act as catalysts for positive change (Howells, Sarkar, & Fletcher, 2017). Yet, a limited number of researchers have focused on how to promote growth following adversity in sport. To support this line of inquiry our aim in this study was to facilitate knowledge transfer from other psychology disciplines by systematically reviewing intervention studies that aim to foster growth following adversity.MethodsWe conducted the systematic review using PRISMA guidelines. Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, we appraised the studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (Pluye & Hong, 2014).ResultsThirty-six studies were included in the review. We synthesized the studies in relation to participant characteristics (i.e., sample size, age, gender, ethnicity, adversity), study characteristics (i.e., design, content, duration, delivery, outcome measures), intervention outcomes (i.e., statistical significance, effect size, qualitative indicators of growth), antecedents (viz. mediators, moderators), and quality appraisal.ConclusionIn the discussion we critically consider the lessons sport and exercise psychology researchers can learn from published intervention studies from other fields of research (e.g., the use of meaningful metrics, that there are different trajectories of growth, growth is a multidimensional phenomenon). Future researchers should seek to build on findings to advance knowledge and understanding in the most significant and meaningful ways. 相似文献