Mood and realism of confidence judgements of one''s own answers to general knowledge questions

This study examines the effect of a depressed mood on the realism of subjects' confidence judgements of the correctness of answers to general knowledge questions. Research conducted on how mood influences cognitive processes gives reason to expect that a depressed mood might increase the realism of individuals' confidence ratings. Sixty subjects were divided into three conditions, two of which were given mood induction, one condition into an elated-happy mood and one condition into a depressed-sad mood. As evidenced by subjects' responses to mood scales only the depressed condition was affected by the mood induction. All subjects answered 93 general knowledge questions and rated their confidence in the correctness of the answer given. Subjects were instructed to think aloud when answering the last 31 questions. The conditions did not differ with respect to the proportion of questions answered correctly, mean level of confidence, nor with respect to three measures of the realism in subjects' confidence ratings (calibration, over/underconfidence and resolution). The results were the same when questions answered with and without think aloud instructions were analysed separately.     

成人在错误信念任务上的表现

考察成人在错误信念(FB)任务上是否存在"知识偏差"效应。实验1重复Birch等的实验程序并未得到与之一致的结果,成人在FB任务上的表现不理想,且无"知识偏差"效应存在。实验2排除琴盒位置及颜色的突出性影响后,结果与实验1相似。成人在FB任务上的不佳表现与成人具有心理理论的事实相悖,说明把通过FB任务作为衡量心理理论的唯一评定标准有待商榷。     

表征变化及其影响因素的微观发生研究

Karmiloff-Smith的表征重述理论认为表征重述是人类获取知识的重要途径,并且表征变化的过程包括程序、元程序和概念化三个阶段。采用微观发生法（包括前测、练习和迁移3个阶段,共8个期间）,以数字分解组合任务为研究材料,探讨了120名小学一、二年级儿童问题解决中的表征变化及所受年龄和练习模式等因素的影响。结果表明,前测中存在发展性差异,即二年级儿童达到概念化阶段的人数显著多于一年级儿童,但前测处于程序阶段的儿童接受5次解题练习过程中以及在近迁移题目上都没有表现出年级差异,而在远迁移题目上二年级儿童的完成情况好于一年级儿童。练习模式对表征变化的影响主要体现在三个方面：（1）从变化的路线看,与简单模式相比,复杂模式更能促进儿童的表征发生变化,而且这时儿童表征变化的路线更丰富,表征变化发生循环的人数比例也更高。（2）从变化的速度看,复杂模式下儿童在插入难题的两次练习期间表征变化比较迅速,其余期间变化较小;简单模式下儿童在第二次和第三次练习期间表征变化比较迅速,随后变化比较平稳。（3）从变化的广度看,练习中所获表征能力（在最后三次练习中达到元程序或概念化阶段）的推广,无论是在近迁移题还是远迁移题上两种练习模式之下的被试没有明显差异;但两组被试在近迁移题上的表现均好于远迁移题     

大学生知识价值观的实证研究

该研究从理论上界定了知识价值观及其基本成分(即知识价值目标、知识价值评价和知识价值手段)。运用设计的《大学生知识价值观调查表》,对2043名大学生进行了调查。结果显示,大学生在知识价值目标、知识价值评价和知识价值手段三方面都呈现出年级、性别和专业的差异。     

中医隐性知识结构维度模型的验证性研究

隐性知识大量存在于中医医者知识体系中。深入探讨中医医者隐性知识的结构维度,有利于中医的传承及个体隐性知识的转移。通过文献分析和专家访谈,发现中医隐性知识可以分为学习策略维度、临床技能维度、人际互动维度、情绪情感维度、价值取向维度和中医药文化维度。结合各维度之间的相互关系,构建了中医隐性知识的结构模型。为了提升该维度结构模型的科学性,对国家级名老中医、国医大师、中医院管理者进行了深度访谈和问卷调查,进行了验证性研究。     

国内医疗保障研究的知识图谱分析——基于CNKI数据库（2005年～2016年）

系统展现国内医疗保障领域的研究热点、重要学者、科研合作关系、期刊情况,对医疗保障研究形成直观的印象。利用可视化软件CiteSpace和文献计量学方法从关键词、作者、研究机构、期刊等方面进行知识图谱分析。分析结果表明,已有的医疗保障领域研究集中在新农合、医改、商业医疗保险参与社会保险、弱势群体和农民工医疗保障五类研究主题;出现了商业医疗保险、城乡统筹、大病保险等新的研究领域;学者之间的研究比较独立,少有稳定的研究团队,缺乏交流和资源共享。     

中国医学史研究热点及发展态势——近五年中国医学史论文的可视化分析

为了解近五年中国医学史研究热点和发展态势,利用可视化软件对近五年中国医学史文献进行可视化分析。医学史学科为医学与史学跨学科专业,医学界与史学界间虽有融通交流,但研究界限仍较为分明。研究者应打破人为划分的学科分界线,将其他学科的理论融入医学史研究。高校应鼓励不同学科交互深造,创建研究集群以及培养体系,进行多学科交叉研究。在研究方向中,传统医学史与医疗社会文化史的碰撞和融合在未来将会是十分重要的发展趋势,借鉴瘟疫史研究的思路,从医疗社会史的角度探究其他疾病和现今尖锐的医疗问题或可成为未来的研究热点之一。

     

Eye tracking provides no evidence that young infants understand path obstruction

In two experiments with 47 4-month-olds, we investigated attention to key aspects of events in which an object moved along a partly occluded path that contained an obstruction. Infants were familiarized with a ball rolling behind an occluder to be revealed resting on an end wall, and on test trials an obstruction wall was placed in the ball's path. In Experiment 1, we did not find longer looking when the object appeared in an impossible location beyond the obstruction, and infants did not selectively fixate the object in this location. In Experiment 2, after rolling one or two balls, we measured infants' fixations of a two-object outcome with one ball in a novel but possible resting position and the other in a familiar but impossible location beyond the obstruction. Infants looked longer at the ball in the possible but novel location, likely reflecting a looking preference for location novelty. Thus we obtained no evidence that infants reasoned about obstruction and identified a violation on that basis.     

Tapping into the interplay of lexical and number knowledge using fast mapping: A longitudinal eye-tracking study with two-year-olds

Language skills and mathematical competencies are argued to influence each other during development. While a relation between the development of vocabulary size and mathematical skills is already documented in the literature, this study further examines how children’s ability to map a novel word to an unknown object as well as their ability to retain this word from memory may be related to their knowledge of number words. Twenty-five children were tested longitudinally (at 30 and at 36 months of age) using an eye-tracking-based fast mapping task, the Give-a-Number task, and standardized measures of vocabulary. The results reveal that children’s ability to create and retain a mental representation of a novel word was related to number knowledge at 30 months, but not at 36 months while vocabulary size correlated with number knowledge only at 36 months. These results show that even specific mapping processes are initially related to the acquisition of number words and they speak for a parallelism between the development of lexical and number-concept knowledge despite their semantic and syntactic differences.