我国青少年学生现代化特征认识的比较研究

该研究采用问卷测查的方法,对广州、重庆、兰州等地城乡774名中小学生进行了社会现代化特征的调查.结果表明,我国青少年学生对现代化的理解基本正确,对现代化特征认识的涵盖面比较全面,但对现代化的负面影响缺乏必要的认识.此外,青少年学生的生活环境与教育经历很大程度影响着他们对现代化特征的认识面与着重点.     

The Probability of Small Schedule Values and Preference for Random-Interval Schedules

Preference for working on variable schedules and temporal discrimination were simultaneously examined in two experiments using a discrete-trial, concurrent-chains arrangement with fixed interval (FI) and random interval (RI) terminal links. The random schedule was generated by first sampling a probability distribution after the programmed delay to reinforcement on the FI schedule had elapsed, and thus the RI never produced a component schedule value shorter than the FI and maintained a rate of reinforcement half that of the FI. Despite these features, the FI was not strongly preferred. The probability of obtaining the smallest programmed delay to reinforcement on the RI schedule was manipulated in Experiment 1, and the interaction of this probability and initial link length was examined in Experiment 2. As the probability of obtaining small values in the RI increased, preference for the schedule increased while the discriminated time of reinforcer availability in the terminal link decreased. Both of these effects were attenuated by lengthening the initial links. The results support the view that in addition to the delay to reinforcement, the probability of obtaining a short delay is an important choice-affecting variable that likely contributes to the robust preferences for variable, as opposed to fixed, schedules of reinforcement.     

EFFECTS OF DRUGS AND DRUG COMBINATIONS IN PIGEONS TRAINED TO DISCRIMINAT AMONG PENTOBARBITAL,DIZOCILPINE, A COMBINATION OF THESE DRUGS,AND SALIN

Drugs with multiple actions can have complex discriminative‐stimulus properties. An approach to studying such drugs is to train subjects to discriminate among drug combinations and individual drugs in the combination so that all of the complex discriminative stimuli are present during training. In the current experiments, a four‐choice procedure was used to train pigeons to discriminate among dizocilpine (noncompetitive NMDA receptor blocker), pentobarbital (GABA_A receptor agonist), a fixed‐dose combination of these two drugs, and saline. Following extended training, low doses of pentobarbital or dizocilpine administered alone produced saline‐appropriate responding. Higher doses of pentobarbital produced responding on the pentobarbital‐appropriate key and higher doses of dizocilpine produced responding on the dizocilpine key. Administering the lowest doses of pentobarbital and dizocilpine together resulted in responding on the saline‐appropriate key. Increasing the dose of pentobarbital in the presence of low doses of dizocilpine produced responding primarily on the pentobarbital‐appropriate key; increasing the dose of dizocilpine in the presence of the lowest dose of pentobarbital produced responding primarily on the dizocilpine‐appropriate key. Combining the higher doses of pentobarbital and dizocilpine resulted in responding primarily on the drug‐combination key. Low doses of phencyclidine or ethanol produced responding on the saline‐appropriate key, but intermediate doses resulted in individual subjects responding predominately on either the pentobarbital key, the dizocilpine key, or the drug‐combination key depending on the subject. After the highest dose of phencyclidine or ethanol, most subjects responded predominantly on the drug‐combination key. Low doses of other drugs tested produced responding on the saline‐appropriate key. With the highest diazepam doses responding was largely confined to the pentobarbital‐appropriate key. The highest doses of dextromethorphan or dextrorphan resulted in responding on the dizocilpine key more frequently than on other keys. Across a range of doses, morphine produced responding predominantly on the saline key. The results using the four‐key procedure emphasized the role of both GABA_A and NMDA receptors in the complex discriminative stimulus properties of phencyclidine and of ethanol.     

INFLUENCES ON COCAINE TOLERANCE ASSESSED UNDER A MULTIPLE CONJUNCTIVE SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

Under multiple schedules of reinforcement, previous research has generally observed tolerance to the rate‐decreasing effects of cocaine that has been dependent on schedule‐parameter size in the context of fixed‐ratio (FR) schedules, but not under the context of fixed‐interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement. The current experiment examined the effects of cocaine on key‐pecking responses of White Carneau pigeons maintained under a three‐component multiple conjunctive FI (10 s, 30 s, & 120 s) FR (5 responses) schedule of food presentation. Dose‐effect curves representing the effects of presession cocaine on responding were assessed in the context of (1) acute administration of cocaine (2) chronic administration of cocaine and (3) daily administration of saline. Chronic administration of cocaine generally resulted in tolerance to the response‐rate decreasing effects of cocaine, and that tolerance was generally independent of relative FI value, as measured by changes in ED50 values. Daily administration of saline decreased ED50 values to those observed when cocaine was administered acutely. The results show that adding a FR requirement to FI schedules is not sufficient to produce schedule‐parameter‐specific tolerance. Tolerance to cocaine was generally independent of FI‐parameter under the present conjunctive schedules, indicating that a ratio requirement, per se, is not sufficient for tolerance to be dependent on FI parameter.     

Les pratiques d’evaluation utilisees dans les structures de conseil en recrutement : quelques determinants

Referring to the work of Bruchon-Schweitzer & Ferrieux (1991) and Balicco (1999), the present study describes the recruitment practices of different types of organizations (N=327, 134 consulting companies and 193 temporary placement firms). We hypothesised that job position and recruiter characteristics (sex, age, level and type of education, status, and recruitment experience) would influence the use of selection techniques. Results revealed that choice of selection techniques is not based on a scientific evaluation of applicants. Job position seems to strongly determine use of personality assessment techniques. Further, recruiter characteristics only seem to determine choice of less valid techniques. In the discussion, a theoretical model of choices made by recruiters and some courses of action are proposed.     

初中生的自尊、受益者特征与亲社会行为的关系

以初中一至三年级学生为对象,采用自尊量表（SES）和帮助行为调查问卷进行测查,以探讨自尊、受助者特征对其亲社会行为的影响。结果表明：（1）在社会道德认知和自我意愿层面上,大多数初中生能表现出积极的亲社会性助人趋向,部分学生的行为决策判定具有不一致性;（2）初中生的自尊程度不影响对他人需要的注意、归因以及行为方式的选择,但与帮助行为的价值取向、行为意愿等认知、情感因素有关,能直接影响自主性的亲社会行为;（3）初中生有关潜在受益者特征的某种认知结果及其相应的情感体验,对帮助型亲社会行为趋向有重要影响;（4）初中生的自尊及其所知觉的潜在量益者特征在亲社会行为趋向中交互作用不显著。     

最后通牒博弈的个体差异和种族文化差异

最后通牒博弈是行为经济学中研究人类公平决策的常见范式之一。在最后通牒博弈中存在系统的个体差异和种族文化差异,其中个体差异还包括年龄差异、性别差异和心理特征差异。对这些差异进行研究,不仅有助于进一步检验和深化公平决策理论,还有益于相关理论的实践应用。未来的研究需要整合有关差异与理论解释、探究差异的神经机制以及改善现有的研究范式。     

老年人的框架效应

框架效应作为一种决策中的非理性偏差, 其年龄差异逐渐受到研究者的关注。总体来说, 老年人和年轻人在医疗和经济决策领域中具有不同的框架效应特点, 且主要表现为强度和类型上的差异。老年人的框架效应主要受到决策情境、个体认知、情绪及认知神经生理特点等因素的影响。未来研究不仅要继续探讨老年人在不同领域中的框架效应特点及其影响因素, 还应该从老年人的其他个体特征、实验材料与设计类型、解释机制研究以及拓展应用方面做进一步的探索。     

父母婚姻问题对子女心理成长的影响及表现——基于箱庭作品特征的视角

基于初始箱庭作品的视角,考察父母婚姻问题对子女心理成长的影响及表现。采用实验组VS对照组研究设计,对两组共60名被试的初始箱庭作品进行数据分析。结果发现：与对照组大学生相比,实验组大学生的箱庭作品在玩具选择类别和数量、箱庭场景和主题、动沙方式和制作时间方面存在显著差异。研究结论：初始箱庭作品能在一定程度上反映实验组被试内心不够丰富、防御性强、自我不够稳定、创伤感比较突出等心理特点。     

精神病态的家庭风险因素

精神病态(psychopathy)是一种个体表现在人际关系、情感、生活方式和反社会特征等方面的人格障碍, 其特征为自我中心、欺骗、冲动、缺乏共情、缺乏罪恶感等。以往研究偏向于精神病态的生理机制, 认为精神病态具有高度的遗传性, 近期越来越多的研究发现家庭因素对精神病态的重要影响。这些因素包括：产前风险因素、破碎家庭、不良的教养方式、不安全的亲子依恋关系和童年期虐待等。未来的研究应探讨家庭因素对各个精神病态亚型的作用机制, 探索抑制精神病态表达的保护性环境因子, 并构建精神病态的生物心理社会模型等。