The role of the native language in auditory and visual context effect modalities

Facilitation of memory for target stimuli due to similar context in the learning and testing phases is known as “context effect” (CE). The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between CE as elicited by the consistency of the language of presentation (Hebrew vs. English) with the native language (Hebrew vs. English) in both auditory and visual modalities. Overall, 120 individuals participated in the experiment. As predicted, CE was evident when the language of presentation remained consistent between study and test. Contrary to our prediction, Hebrew speakers remembered more English words, and vice versa. A possible explanation is that this difference is due to the cognitive effort invested when processing a less dominant language, thus resulting in better recognition. This study has several practical implications, including a recommendation that academic institutions test students in the language in which the material was presented in order to measure the students' knowledge more accurately.     

Social intelligence and interview accuracy: Individual differences in the ability to construct interviews and rate accurately

This research examined differences in interviewers’ ability to identify effective interview questions and to accurately rate interviewees’ responses. Given the theoretical association between these interview activities and the construct of social intelligence (SI), a performance‐based measure of SI was developed utilizing situational judgment test methodology. The initial step was to examine evidence of the psychometric properties and construct validity of the new SI measure. The SI measure, a test of general mental ability (GMA), and a personality inventory were then used to examine aspects of rater performance. Participants chose a set of interview questions and viewed interviewee responses during a videotaped interview. Results showed that people higher in SI and GMA chose interview questions judged by experts to be superior and were more accurate in rating interviewee responses. The SI measure explained variance beyond GMA and outperformed a trait‐based SI measure. Implications for the selection and training of interviewers are discussed.     

道德概念垂直空间隐喻对空间关系判断的影响

本研究通过三个实验考察道德概念垂直空间隐喻对空间关系判断的影响。涉及的空间关系判断包括上下关系判断、远近关系判断和距离判断。研究结果显示：（1）上下判断中,在空间上方时,道德词的反应快于不道德词;在空间下方时,不道德词的反应快于道德词;（2）远近判断中,在空间上方时,个体更倾向于将道德词判断为"远",即道德词更偏上;在空间下方时,没有显著的偏向;（3）在距离判断中,个体对道德词的判断出现显著的向上偏移,对不道德词的判断则出现显著的向下偏移。由此得出结论：道德概念的垂直空间隐喻会影响个体对空间关系的判断,具体来说是"道德是上"的隐喻会导致空间关系判断产生"向上"的偏移效应;而"不道德是下"的隐喻则会导致空间关系判断产生"向下"的偏移效应。     

心真的会“软”吗?软硬感受与语义改变道德判断

近年来诸多研究发现,物理变量对心理变量尤其是道德会产生影响,而其机制通常是具身认知与隐喻语言两种。本研究意在通过软硬的具身感受以及软硬的隐喻式意义联系来探讨它对于道德判断的影响。实验一通过操纵被试的软硬身体感受,发现感受到软的被试会比感受到硬的被试更倾向于作出义务论判断。而实验二通过启动被试的软硬语义联接,发现在启动了软的意义之后,对比与启动了硬的意义来说,被试体验到了更少的厌恶情绪,并对同样的道德错误表现得更宽容。这表明软与硬这对物理变量在具身认知与隐喻语言两种机制上都对道德判断起到了影响。     

孕妇家庭亲密关系的差序格局及其对焦虑、抑郁情绪的影响

通过两个研究探索孕妇家庭亲密关系的差序格局及其对焦虑、抑郁情绪的影响。研究一,采用自我参照R/K范式探索孕妇家庭亲密关系的差序格局; 研究二,采用问卷调查法探索孕妇家庭亲密关系对其焦虑、抑郁情绪的影响。结果表明:(1)孕妇家庭亲密关系的差序格局核心为自我参照和配偶参照,母亲参照、父亲参照和子女参照居于第二位,婆婆参照、公公参照居于第三位;(2)孕妇的自我参照水平影响自身焦虑情绪,配偶参照水平影响孕妇的抑郁情绪。     

The Social Context of Clinical Practice With Sexual Minority Clients: Commentary on the Special Issue

Clinical research with sexual minority clients has evolved and has contributed to recognition and affirmation of sexual minorities. This commentary traces a history of research that was at one time based on heteronormative biases, what we refer to as a “first wave” to a movement through a “second wave” of research comparing sexual minorities to heterosexual counterparts in order to adapt existing clinical practices and advocate for them in the context of political challenges and social opposition. We look at the articles in this special issue as exemplary of what may be considered the “third wave” of this research that begins with the assumption that sexual minority populations are unique and valued subcultures and proposes best practices with these populations.     

Performance based algorithms for video bit transmissions

The usage of video content has increased in past ten decades. As a result, increase in usage of commercial video coding standards called High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC/H.265). A self-Adaptive N-depth Context Tree Weighting algorithm (SANDCTW) is proposed to overcome the limitations of Context tree weighting (CTW) method, which applied in CABAC know as Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding. This CABAC uses KT estimators and relies on beginning with the Bayesian approach to determine the true distribution of the next symbol to select for data compression. This approach is suitable only if the true distribution is stationary, the proposed SANDCTW that uses discounted KT estimators, which is suitable if the distribution is non-stationary and it reduces the computation and memory cost. Additionally, Block size sustained intra mode detection (BSSIMD) is proposed based on the mass-center and sub-sampling approach. In this approach, all correlation directions about the entire block associated to the intra-prediction mode and DC mode directions determined by using mass-center vector. Then, the modes corresponding to the determined directions selected as the best intra-prediction candidates during the intra-coding process for computing Rate-Distortion Optimization (RDO) with less complexity. The bit rate of 60–70 frames per second (fps) achieved in this technique based on the different block, size. Thus, the bit rate is also reduced significantly compared with the preceding H.265 standard.     

词频和运动流畅性对学习判断的影响：多线索整合的视角

本研究探讨基于经验的运动流畅性和基于理论的词频对学习判断的影响以及二者可能存在的相互作用,探讨非分析性加工和分析性加工在元认知监测中的作用模式。结果显示：（1）运动流畅性和词频均会影响JOL;（2）运动流畅性对JOL的影响会因为词频的变化而改变,而在认知负荷条件下,词频对JOL的影响还会因为运动流畅性的变化而不同。研究结果支持JOL中的运动流畅性效应与词频效应,也表明分析性和非分析性加工在JOL中会共同发挥作用。     

道德判断中的性别差异研究

通过问卷形式呈现给被试道德两难故事,对491名大学生的道德判断进行了研究,发现：1）人类道德判断存在着结果主义和非结果主义两种不同的倾向;2）在小范围内道德判断可能存在性别差异,但在大多数情况下,男女道德判断是极其相似的;3）男女道德判断的性别差异更大程度上是研究所假设的情境引起的,而不是真正的道德判断差异。     

关于pCI与因果判断的实验研究

本研究通过三个实验,检验了pCI公式对人类因果判断预测的准确性。实验结果发现,被试的判断与pCI的预测趋势基本一致,但（a＋d）／n的预测似乎更加准确;被试的判断较pCI而言波动较小,且可能在开始判断时需要一段时间形成自己的判断标准或方法,之后的判断与精密的数学计算有共同之处;不同个体判断方式有比较大的差异,但是仍能归为一些类型。