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691.
McAllister M Payne K Nicholls S MacLeod R Donnai D Davies LM 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(1):71-83
Outcome measurement in clinical genetics is challenging. Outcome attributes used currently have been developed by service
providers or adapted from measures used in other areas of healthcare. Many of the ‘patients’ in clinical genetics are healthy
but at risk of developing or transmitting a condition. Usually no pharmacological or surgical treatment is offered, although
information-giving is an objective of most consultations. We argue that services should be evaluated on the basis of how well
they alleviate the effects of disease, from a patient perspective. This paper describes a qualitative study using seven focus
groups with health professionals, patients and patient representatives. Social and emotional effects of genetics diseases
were identified. Some differences emerged between the effects identified by health professionals and those identified by patients.
These findings will be used to inform the evaluation of existing outcome measures and develop robust measures of outcome for
clinical genetics services. 相似文献
692.
西方社区感研究的现状与趋势 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
社区感指社区成员之间及其同团体之间的相互影响与归属感,通过彼此承诺而使成员需要得以满足的共同信念,并且以社区历史为基础所形成的情感联结。文章首先说明了社区感概念的形成与发展;然后着重介绍了西方在不同类型社区感、社区感影响因素及测量工具方面取得的新成果;最后展望了该领域在研究方法、研究内容和社区感能力培养方面的发展趋势 相似文献
693.
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695.
项目曝光控制和内容约束关系到测验安全、测验的信度和效度, 是计算机化自适应测验(Computerized Adaptive Testing, CAT)中两类重要的非统计约束条件。本文在认知诊断CAT中针对内容约束和项目曝光控制要求, 运用5种方法选择测验项目。它们分别是:(1) Monte Carlo方法与项目合格方法相结合, 记为MC-IE; (2) Monte Carlo方法与最大优先指标方法相结合, 记为MC-MPI; (3) Monte Carlo方法与限制阈值方法相结合, 记为MC-RT; (4) Monte Carlo方法与限制进度指标方法相结合, 记为MC-RPG以及(5) Monte Carlo方法与最大后验概率方法相结合, 记为MC-PP。然后通过在线性、收敛、发散、无结构和独立五种属性结构下构建题库并运用重参化融融统和模型模拟被试反应比较它们的选题表现。研究发现, (1) 相同选题方法在不同属性结构下项目曝光率的分布类似, 测量精度按线性、收敛、发散、无结构和独立结构的顺序依次降低; (2) 相同属性结构下, 不同方法的测量精度高低依次为MC-PP、MC-IE、MC-RT、MC-MPI和MC-RPG方法; 项目曝光均匀性优劣依次为MC-RPG、MC-MPI、MC-RT、MC-IE和MC-PP方法。统一量纲值表明, MC-RPG方法的综合表现最好, MC-MPI方法的表现次之。 相似文献
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697.
与传统的纸笔测验(Paper And Pencil Based Test, P&P)相比计算机化自适应测验(Computerized Adaptive Testing, CAT)根据被试的作答反应自适应地选择题目, 它不仅缩短了测验长度, 还极大地提高了测验的准确性。然而, 目前绝大多数CAT不允许被试修改答案, 研究者主要担心修改答案会降低CAT的有效性。允许修改答案符合被试一贯的测验习惯, 修改之后的分数更能反映被试真实的水平, 从而能够进一步促进CAT在实际中的应用。现有的研究主要从三个方面提出了可修改答案CAT的控制方法:一是测验设计; 二是改进选题策略; 三是建构模型。未来的研究应进一步探讨这些方法之间的比较与结合, 以及对可修改答案认知诊断CAT (Cognitive Diagnostic CAT, CD-CAT)的研究。 相似文献
698.
怀旧指的是个体怀念过去的事物、人物、地方甚至经历或感受。它大多与美好的记忆联系在一起, 并会带来积极的情绪体验, 但同时可能也会引起消极的情绪体验。怀旧对维持个体身心健康有一定的积极效用。本文着重介绍了怀旧的触发因素包括客观刺激的视觉、嗅觉、听觉及主观刺激的消极情绪与低温知觉, 分析了其研究范式有质化研究(内容分析与扎根理论)、量化研究(问卷调查与经验取样法)和实验研究(单因素随机实验设计与多因素实验设计), 并介绍了其相关的测量工具。未来研究要加强主动怀旧与被动怀旧、积极怀旧与消极怀旧的探讨; 整合各种研究范式与强化纵向的追踪研究; 以及要区分特质型怀旧与状态型怀旧。 相似文献
699.
It is difficult to obtain adequate power to test a small effect size with a set criterion alpha of 0.05. Probably an inferential test will indicate non-statistical significance and not be published. Rarely, statistical significance will be obtained, and an exaggerated effect size calculated and reported. Accepting all inferential probabilities and associated effect sizes could solve exaggeration problems. Graphs, generated through Monte Carlo methods, are presented to illustrate this. The first graph presents effect sizes (Cohen's d) as lines from 1 to 0 with probabilities on the Y axis and the number of measures on the X axis. This graph shows effect sizes of .5 or less should yield non-significance with sample sizes below 120 measures. The other graphs show results with as many as 10 small sample size replications. There is a convergence of means with the effect size as sample size increases and measurement accuracy emerges. 相似文献
700.
《创造性行为杂志》2017,51(2):153-162
Despite significant scholarly attention, the literature on the existence and direction of gender differences in creativity has produced inconsistent findings. In the present paper, we argue that this lack of consensus may be attributable, at least in part, to gender‐specific inconsistencies in the measurement of creative problem‐solving. To explore this possibility, we empirically tested assumptions of multiple‐group measurement invariance using samples borrowed from four recent studies that assessed creative problem‐solving (J.D. B arrett et al., 2013; K.S. H ester et al., 2012; D.R. P eterson et al., 2013; I.C. R obledo et al., 2012). Across the four samples, apparent gender differences emerged on all three components of S.P. B esemer & K. O 'Q uin's (1999) three‐facet model of creativity (i.e., quality, originality, and elegance) such that, on average, females appeared to exhibit higher baseline levels of creativity. However, in light of violations of measurement invariance assumptions across genders found in these samples, comparisons such as these may not ultimately be appropriate. Although the underlying factor structure and factor loadings on a unitary creativity factor were consistent across gender (i.e., weak factorial invariance), measurement in‐equivalence assumptions were violated at the subfacet level (i.e., strong factorial invariance). Implications of these findings for understanding gender differences in creative problem‐solving are discussed. 相似文献