纵横家的外交策略及其现代意义——古代外交和谐论

纵横家是先秦时期著名的智慧群体,也是当时列国外交活动的主体。他们的有的放矢、善抓机遇、国无常友亦无常敌的思想认识以及外交活动须以国力为本的外交策略对于当前国际社会之间的交往具有重要的参考价值和启迪意义。     

Selection of Variables in Cluster Analysis: An Empirical Comparison of Eight Procedures

Eight different variable selection techniques for model-based and non-model-based clustering are evaluated across a wide range of cluster structures. It is shown that several methods have difficulties when non-informative variables (i.e., random noise) are included in the model. Furthermore, the distribution of the random noise greatly impacts the performance of nearly all of the variable selection procedures. Overall, a variable selection technique based on a variance-to-range weighting procedure coupled with the largest decreases in within-cluster sums of squares error performed the best. On the other hand, variable selection methods used in conjunction with finite mixture models performed the worst.     

阿司匹林抵抗及对策

阿司匹林广泛应用于心血管事件的预防,减少了心血管事件的发生。阿司匹林通过不可逆地和脂肪酸环氧化酶结合,抑制血小板聚集的激动剂血栓素A2的合成,发挥抗血小板聚集作用。但也有一些患者服用阿司匹林过程中有的血小板聚集能力和临床缺血事件不能被抑制。阿司匹林抵抗通常是指阿司匹林治疗未能引起预期的生物学效应抑制血栓素的生物合成或未能预防血栓事件的现象。导致这种现象的确切原因较复杂,包括不适当应用药物的相互作用,剂量不足,环氧化酶-1基因的多态性,及非血小板依赖血栓形成途径等有关。临床医生应该了解这些导致阿司匹林抵抗的因素,规范阿司匹林的应用剂量,适当地联合应用其他药物治疗。     

医患间的人际冲突与管理策略

医患间人际冲突是影响医患关系的重要因素,它对医患关系不仅能够产生消极的结果,还能够产生建设性的结果。分析了医患间人际冲突的本质、来源、影响以及冲突管理策略,旨在促进人们通过理解冲突的本质和产生的原因,实行有效的冲突管理策略,使冲突得到建设性解决,促进良好的医患关系的建立。     

小学一年级儿童简算策略发现的意识性研究

考察不同问题呈现方式和不同问题情境对小学一年级儿童简算策略发现的影响,及策略发现有无意识性。结果表明,问题呈现方式与问题情景对相反数策略发现影响显著,完整呈现比不完整呈现,封闭问题情景比混合问题情景更容易促使儿童发现新策略。研究证实了无意识策略的存在。通常情况下是先出现无意识策略,再出现有意识策略。但并非所有有意识策略出现之前都出现无意识策略。     

Optimal Partitioning of Testing Time: Theoretical Properties and Practical Implications

This paper deals with optimal partitioning of limited testing time in order to achieve maximum total test score. Nonlinear optimization theory was used to analyze this problem. A general case using a generic item response model is first presented. A special case that applies a response time model proposed by Wang and Hanson (2005) is also presented. Theoretical properties of the optimal solution are derived. Their practical implications to optimal test-taking strategies are also discussed. The theoretical properties are in general agreement with the conventional advice to the examinees on pacing strategy.     

THE EVOLUTIONARY BASIS OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS

Abstract. I propose that religious ethical traditions can be understood as cultural expressions of underlying evolutionary processes. I begin with a discussion of evolutionary theories of morality, specifically kin selection and reciprocal altruism, and then discuss some recent work on the evolution of religion, setting out those features of religion that prepare it to take on a moral function in society. Having established the theoretical framework for the thesis, I turn to a close reading of early Jewish and Christian ethical teachings, as found in the Bible, in order to set out preliminary support for the proposal. My goal is to argue for the plausibility of the thesis and to indicate how, if correct, it provides new insight into Judeo‐Christian moral traditions and into the phenomenon of religious violence. Such an approach to religious ethics has important metaethical implications. In the last section I consider issues such as the foundation of ethics and the possibilities and limitations of a secular ethics.     

Perceived fairness in employee selection: the role of applicant personality

The present study investigated the role of applicant personality in relation to applicant procedural and distributive justice perceptions after being informed of an organization’s reject/accept selection decision. A sample of 503 students completed a selection test, believing the results would be used to make initial selection decisions for an organization recruiting from the university. Participants were presented with selection decisions (randomly assigned) two weeks later, and procedural and distributive justice perceptions were assessed. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that agreeableness, openness to experience, and test-taking self-efficacy were positively related with perceptions of procedural and distributive justice. Neuroticism was negatively associated with distributive justice perceptions. The relationships of test-taking self-efficacy with procedural and distributive justice were moderated by the organization’s selection decision.