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141.
T. J. J. M. Theunissen 《Psychometrika》1985,50(4):411-420
An algorithmic approach to test design, using information functions, is presented. The approach uses a special branch of linear programming, i.e. binary programming. In addition, results of some benchmark problems are presented. Within the same framework, it is also possible to formulate the problem of individualized testing.I would like to thank my colleagues N. Veldhuijzen, H. Verstralen and M. Zwarts for their suggestions and comments. Furthermore, I would like to thank Professor W. van der Linden, Department of Educational Measurement and Data Analysis, Technological University Twente, for offering facilities at his department; Ellen Timminga of the same department and S. Baas, department of Operational Research at the same University for their efforts in linear programming. 相似文献
142.
In contrast to the motive literature, motivational intensity theory predicts that the implicit achievement motive (nAch) should only exert an indirect impact on effort by limiting the impact of task difficulty. To contrast these two views, sixty-eight participants with a low or high nAch performed an easy or difficult arithmetic task. Effort was assessed using cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP). Supporting motivational intensity theory’s view, PEP response was low in both easy-task conditions but stronger in the high-nAch group than in the low-nAch group in the difficult task. These findings suggest that nAch exerts an indirect effect on effort investment by setting the maximally justified effort instead of directly determining the amount of effort that is invested to satisfy the motive. 相似文献
143.
Maxime Résibois Elise K. Kalokerinos Gregory Verleysen Peter Kuppens Iven Van Mechelen Philippe Fossati 《Cognition & emotion》2018,32(2):259-274
Intensity profiles of emotional experience over time have been found to differ primarily in explosiveness (i.e. whether the profile has a steep vs. a gentle start) and accumulation (i.e. whether intensity increases over time vs. goes back to baseline). However, the determinants of these temporal features remain poorly understood. In two studies, we examined whether emotion regulation strategies are predictive of the degree of explosiveness and accumulation of negative emotional episodes. Participants were asked to draw profiles reflecting changes in the intensity of emotions elicited either by negative social feedback in the lab (Study 1) or by negative events in daily life (Study 2). In addition, trait (Study 1 & 2), and state (Study 2) usage of a set of emotion regulation strategies was assessed. Multilevel analyses revealed that trait rumination (especially the brooding component) was positively associated with emotion accumulation (Study 1 & 2). State rumination was also positively associated with emotion accumulation and, to a lesser extent, with emotion explosiveness (Study 2). These results provide support for emotion regulation theories, which hypothesise that rumination is a central mechanism underlying the maintenance of negative emotions. 相似文献
144.
Anne Corinne Huggins-Manley Yuxi Qiu Randall D. Penfield 《International Journal of Testing》2018,18(1):50-70
Score equity assessment (SEA) refers to an examination of population invariance of equating across two or more subpopulations of test examinees. Previous SEA studies have shown that score equity may be present for examinees scoring at particular test score ranges but absent for examinees scoring at other score ranges. No studies to date have performed research for the purpose of understanding why score equity can be inconsistent across the score range of some tests. The purpose of this study is to explore a source of uneven subpopulation score equity across the score range of a test. It is hypothesized that the difficulty of anchor items displaying differential item functioning (DIF) is directly related to the score location at which issues of score inequity are observed. The simulation study supports the hypothesis that the difficulty of DIF items has a systematic impact on the uneven nature of conditional score equity. 相似文献
145.
双加工理论认为再认提取存在回想和熟悉性两种认知加工过程。本研究采用修正的“记得/知道”范式,考察不同强度的负性情绪对这两种再认提取过程的影响。结果发现:(1)在记得反应上不同负性情绪强度的材料呈现出以下模式:高度负性 > 中度负性 > 轻度负性 > 中性;(2)在知道反应上,不同负性情绪强度的材料呈现出以下模式:中性 > 轻度负性 > 中度负性 > 高度负性。这些结果表明,不同强度的负性材料对情绪记忆的影响表现为两条途径:依赖于回想的再认随着负性情绪强度的增加而逐步提高,另外一个依赖于熟悉性的再认随着负性情绪强度的增加而逐步降低。 相似文献
146.
147.
《Sport, Ethics and Philosophy》2013,7(1):61-66
This paper aims to define what competitive perception is. Using Dufrenne's phenomenological analysis of the art spectator's experience, namely the concept of aesthetic perception, I will claim that it is useful to apply this phenomenological approach to the experience of watching sport events. I will argue that the concepts of uncertainty and auto teleology, being two main features in sport competition, are helpful to define competitive perception. 相似文献
148.
In this paper we propose two interpretations for the discrimination parameter in the two-parameter logistic model (2PLM).
The interpretations are based on the relation between the 2PLM and two stochastic models. In the first interpretation, the
2PLM is linked to a diffusion model so that the probability of absorption equals the 2PLM. The discrimination parameter is
the distance between the two absorbing boundaries and therefore the amount of information that has to be collected before
a response to an item can be given. For the second interpretation, the 2PLM is connected to a specific type of race model.
In the race model, the discrimination parameter is inversely related to the dependency of the information used in the decision
process. Extended versions of both models with person-to-person variability in the difficulty parameter are considered. When
fitted to a data set, it is shown that a generalization of the race model that allows for dependency between choices and response
times (RTs) is the best-fitting model. 相似文献
149.
Although the Bock–Aitkin likelihood-based estimation method for factor analysis of dichotomous item response data has important
advantages over classical analysis of item tetrachoric correlations, a serious limitation of the method is its reliance on
fixed-point Gauss-Hermite (G-H) quadrature in the solution of the likelihood equations and likelihood-ratio tests. When the
number of latent dimensions is large, computational considerations require that the number of quadrature points per dimension
be few. But with large numbers of items, the dispersion of the likelihood, given the response pattern, becomes so small that
the likelihood cannot be accurately evaluated with the sparse fixed points in the latent space. In this paper, we demonstrate
that substantial improvement in accuracy can be obtained by adapting the quadrature points to the location and dispersion
of the likelihood surfaces corresponding to each distinct pattern in the data. In particular, we show that adaptive G-H quadrature,
combined with mean and covariance adjustments at each iteration of an EM algorithm, produces an accurate fast-converging solution
with as few as two points per dimension. Evaluations of this method with simulated data are shown to yield accurate recovery
of the generating factor loadings for models of upto eight dimensions. Unlike an earlier application of adaptive Gibbs sampling
to this problem by Meng and Schilling, the simulations also confirm the validity of the present method in calculating likelihood-ratio
chi-square statistics for determining the number of factors required in the model. Finally, we apply the method to a sample
of real data from a test of teacher qualifications. 相似文献
150.
汉语转折复句的命题表征项目互换效应研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用句子一图画验证任务(sentence-picture verification task)探讨了汉语转折复句的命题表征项目互换效应。结果表明,汉语倒装转折复句的项目表达顺序为“(但是)B→虽然A”,命题表征中项目存在着互换的倾向,所形成的命题表征为“虽然A→但是B”。本研究结果初步表明,读者理解汉语转折复句可能是一个按照“虽然A(事实让步)→但是B(转折)”固定方向进行系列认知加工的过程。 相似文献