群体水平IRT模型及其应用——兼与IRT的比较

传统上,群体评估都是以个体的评估结果的平均值为基础进行的。而群体水平IRT理论则可以避开对个体的评估,直接实现对群体的评估,它具有许多传统方法难以企及的优点。本文将群体水平IRT模型应用于2007年某省高考英语阅读理解的410所学校的能力评估,评估结果发现：410所学校的英语阅读理解能力几乎都在[-1,1]区间内,没有能力极高或极低的学校。对这些学校而言,测验中所有项目的难度较易,区分度适中。所有的评估结果与IRT模型的评估结果在 的水平上相关显著,表明GIRT模型在实践中是可以选择的一种群体评估方法。     

使用似然比D2统计量的题目属性定义方法

题目属性的定义是实施认知诊断评价的关键步骤, 通过有丰富经验的领域专家对题目的属性进行定义是当前的主要方法, 然而该方法受到许多主观经验因素的影响。寻找客观的题目属性定义或验证方法可以为主观定义过程提供策略支持或对结果进行改进, 因此已经引起研究者们的关注。本研究构建了一种简单高效的题目属性定义方法, 研究使用似然比D2统计量从作答数据中估计题目属性的方法, 实现属性掌握模式、题目参数和题目属性向量的联合估计。模拟研究结果表明, 使用似然比D2统计量可以有效地识别题目的属性向量, 该方法一方面可以实现新编制题目属性向量的在线估计, 另一方面可以验证已经定义的题目属性向量的准确性。     

不同认知结构被试的测验设计模式

正如不同的病症需要使用不同的医疗技术方法来诊断一样, 不同的认知结构也需要设计对应的测验模式来进行诊断, 从而保证测验具有高质量的诊断评估效果。但传统测验形式未考虑不同认知结构的针对性诊断测验需求, 导致“千人一卷”在测验效率上有所不足; 认知诊断计算机化自适应测验虽可针对不同认知结构的被试施测不同的项目, 然而支持自适应过程的题库却没有针对不同认知结构被试设计对应的项目, 导致题库使用效率较低。要解决上述问题的关键在于, 探索如何针对不同认知结构设计相对应的测验模式。本研究采用Monte Carlo模拟, 对六种属性层级关系下, 不同认知结构的测验设计模式进行探讨。实验结果表明(1)同一属性层级关系下, 不同认知结构的最佳测验设计模式不同; (2)依据不同认知结构的最佳测验设计模式构建的题库具有更高的使用效率。测验编制者可以根据实验结果针对不同认知结构优化对应的测验设计模式, 并用于指导题库建设。     

The impact of E-diaries and accelerometers on young adults' perceived and objectively assessed physical activity

ObjectiveE-diaries and accelerometers promise more objective, real-time measurements of health behavior. However, social-psychological theory suggests that using electronic behavioral monitoring may influence rather than just record physical activity (PA), especially when a device is novel.DesignParticipants (n = 146) were randomly assigned to either an accelerometer-only, e-diary-only, accelerometer + e-diary, or a no-technology control group for one week to assess how these technologies influenced PA, both perceived and actual, in young adults.MethodParticipants reported their PA, overall and number of discrete exercise sessions (DES) at baseline and follow-up; accelerometers provided daily step counts and e-diaries captured daily reports of PA for the active week of the study.ResultsAverage daily steps in the accelerometer-only and accelerometer + e-diary groups did not differ nor did daily reports of PA via e-diary compared to accelerometer + e-diary group, showing that neither technology affected actual PA. ANCOVAS tested group differences in perceived PA; The accelerometer-only group had increased perceived overall PA but not DES compared to no-technology control.ConclusionsAccelerometers may increase perceived overall PA, but the tested technologies did not increase DES or actual PA, suggesting that they may be viable unbiased measures of PA.     

Item–trait association, scale multidimensionality, and differential item functioning identification in personality assessment

This report documents relationships between differential item functioning (DIF) identification and: (1) item–trait association, and (2) scale multidimensionality in personality assessment. Applying [Zumbo, B. D. (1999). A handbook on the theory and methods of differential item functioning (DIF): Logistic regression modeling as a unitary framework for binary and Likert-type (ordinal) item scores. Ottawa, ON: Directorate of Human Resources Research and Evaluation, Department of National Defense.] logistic regression model, DIF effect size is found to become increasingly inflated as investigated item associations with trait scores decrease. Similar patterns were noted for the influence of scale multidimensionality on DIF identification. Individuals who investigate DIF in personality assessment applications are provided with estimates regarding the impact of the magnitude of item and trait association and scale multidimensionality on DIF occurrence and effect size. The results emphasize the importance of excluding investigated items in focal trait identification prior to conducting DIF analyses and reporting item and scale psychometric properties in DIF reports.     

检验项目功能差异的两类方法-CFA和IRT的比较

目前在验证性因素分析(CFA)和项目反应理论(IRT)两个领域,都有一些检验方法来识别项目功能差异(DIF)。该文主要针对单维的多级计分项目,分别介绍CFA和IRT检测DIF的方法,并进行二者的比较。     

A Unified Nonparametric IRT Model for <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis>-Dimensional Psychological Test Data (<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis>-ISOP)

The (univariate) isotonic psychometric (ISOP) model (Scheiblechner, 1995) is a nonparametric IRT model for dichotomous and polytomous (rating scale) psychological test data. A weak subject independence axiom W1 postulates that the subjects are ordered in the same way except for ties (i.e., similarly or isotonically) by all items of a psychological test. A weak item independence axiom W2 postulates that the order of the items is similar for all subjects. Local independence (LI or W3) is assumed in all models. With these axioms, sample-free unidimensional ordinal measurements of items and subjects become feasible. A cancellation axiom (Co) gives, as a result, the additive isotonic psychometric (ADISOP) model and interval scales for subjects and items, and an independence axiom (W4) gives the completely additive isotonic psychometric (CADISOP) model with an interval scale for the response variable (Scheiblechner, 1999). The d-ISOP, d-ADISOP, and d-CADISOP models are generalizations to d-dimensional dependent variables (e.g., speed and accuracy of response). The author would like to thank an Associate Editor and two anonymous referees and also Professor H.H. Schulze for their very valuable suggestions and corrections.     

Using item-specific instructional information in achievement modeling

The problem of detecting instructional sensitivity (item basis) in test items is considered. An illustration is given which shows that for tests with many biased items, traditional item bias detection schemes give a very poor assessment of bias. A new method is proposed instead. This method extends item response theory (IRT) by including item-specific auxiliary measurement information related to opportunity-to-learn. Item-specific variation in measurement relations across students with varying opportunity-to-learn is allowed for.This paper was presented at the 1987 AERA meeting in Washington, DC. This research was supported by grant OERI-G-86-003 from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Department of Education. The author thanks Michael Hollis and Chih-fen Kao for valuable research assistance, and appreciates valuable comments made by an anonymous reviewer.     

非暴力视频游戏中竞争情境对玩家合作倾向和攻击倾向的影响

使用中性视频游戏和亲社会视频游戏,采用单次双人给予倾向困境任务和辣酱范式分别测量被试的合作倾向和攻击倾向,旨在探究竞争性视频游戏情境对玩家合作倾向和攻击倾向的影响。结果发现:(1)在对合作倾向的影响上,无论是玩中性视频游戏还是亲社会视频游戏,竞争情境相比单人情境均能显著降低玩家的合作倾向;(2)在对攻击倾向的影响上,玩中性视频游戏,竞争情境相比单人情境能显著提高玩家的攻击倾向;但玩亲社会视频游戏,竞争情境与单人情境对玩家攻击倾向的影响差异不显著。本研究表明,游戏情境是影响玩家行为倾向的重要因素之一,在非暴力视频游戏中竞争情境对玩家行为倾向会产生消极影响,亲社会视频游戏在一定程度上能抑制竞争情境的消极效应。     

多级评分项目的多维CAT选题策略开发

本研究开发了两种新的适用于多级评分项目的多维计算机化自适应测验（PMCAT）的选题策略——修正的连续熵（RCEM）和修正的后验期望KL信息（MKB）方法,并与以往PMCAT的选题策略进行了对比研究。Monte Carlo实验结果表明：两种新开发的选题策略比原方法估计精度更高,并且RCEM方法在所有选题策略中曝光率最低。新开发的选题策略具有较理想的估计精度和曝光控制效果,为PMCAT在实践中的应用提供了新的方法支持。