父母网络监管对青少年网络游戏成瘾为何事与愿违?——一个有调节的中介效应模型

父母网络监管对于减少青少年网络游戏成瘾的效果往往不尽相同,本研究对4105名青少年进行调查考察了不良同伴交往在父母网络监管对青少年网络游戏成瘾影响中的中介作用,以及父母网络监管对青少年不良同伴交往的影响路径是否受亲子关系的调节。结果发现：（1）直接效应显示父母网络监管能显著正向预测青少年网络游戏成瘾,不良同伴交往在父母网络监管对网络游戏成瘾的影响中起“遮掩效应”;（2）亲子关系显著调节父母网络监管对不良同伴交往的影响;（3）整体模型检验发现,父母网络监管、亲子关系、不良同伴交往和网络游戏成瘾形成了一个有调节的中介模型。     

The role of competition and knowledge in the Ellsberg task

Ambiguity avoidance denotes people's preference for gambling situations with known over unknown, or ambiguous, probability distributions. In four experiments we provide evidence for the interaction between competitiveness and knowledge in Ellsberg's task, in which people have a choice between a risky box (distribution of balls known) and an ambiguous box (distribution of balls not known). If the situation is perceived as competitive (the experimenter or an opponent is responsible for composing the boxes) people avoid ambiguity by betting on the box with the known probability distribution. If the task is perceived as cooperative (a partner or friend is composing the boxes) people are indifferent toward ambiguity or even ambiguity seeking. In addition, we find that people expect their winning odds to be less than even in the ambiguous box. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Framing and Risky Choice as Influenced by Comparison of One's Achievements with Others: The Case of Investment in the Stock Exchange

Based on social comparison theory and equity theory, the first aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that framing is affected not only by previous success or failure, but also by comparisons with relevant others' outcomes as well. The second aim of the study was to examine prospect theory propositions that people are risk aversive for gains and risk seeking for losses. A total of 220 students were administered scenarios that described outcomes of their stock investments (gains or losses). In addition, they were provided with information about their close friends' outcomes investing in similar stocks. Generally, the hypothesis regarding the influence of others' outcomes on framing was confirmed. However, results showed that, in contradiction to prospect theory, gain framing rather than loss framing was related to risk seeking behavior. Specifically, in the gain framing situation, the readiness to take risks was highest when the others' outcomes were equal to those of the participants. The limitations of prospect theory are discussed.     

幼儿社交退缩游戏矫正的倒返实验研究

本研究采用A1B1A2B2的倒返实验设计,探讨由幼儿教师编制并实施的幼儿集体系列游戏是否能矫正幼儿的社交退缩。结果显示,被试在A1很少与人交往,在B1与人交往的时间经过一定的反复逐渐增加,在A2与人交往的时间再度减少,在B2与人交往的时间又增加;A1与B1、B2有极显著差别。实验证明,幼儿集体系列游戏可以矫正幼儿的问题行为。     

In search of a science‐based application: A learning tool for reading acquisition

This is a story about the fate of a psychological application: from its conception to the optimistic vision surrounding its future. We hope that this application – an enjoyable learning game (www or mobile phone‐based, available free of charge to the end users) for children – can at best help millions of children in their reading acquisition in the future. Its basis was created by following intensively the development of children with (N = 107) and without (N = 92) genetic (familial) risk for dyslexia from birth to puberty in the Jyväskylä Longitudinal study of Dyslexia (JLD)‐project. We summarize some of the major findings of the JLD in order to facilitate understanding of the reasons and logic behind the development of the game. Originally intended as a research tool for reading acquisition, its potential for prevention of reading difficulties was quickly recognized.     

Intergroup trust and reciprocity in strategic interactions: Effects of group decision-making mechanisms

I examined the impact of the consensus-making mechanism, where members reach a common decision via an intra-group discussion, on intergroup trust and reciprocity in a strategic setting. Data from a trust game generated the following results. First, compared to individual decision-makers, consensus groups exhibited (a) lower psychological trust, (b) higher behavioral trust, after controlling for psychological trust, and (c) lower reciprocity. Second, compared to decisions made by group-representatives, who are responsible for unilateral decisions on behalf of their groups, group consensus decisions were more trusting but less reciprocating. Thus, the specific decision-making mechanism adopted by groups in a strategic interaction may profoundly change the nature and the interplay of the interaction. Lastly, results show that the level of behavioral trust is driven by reciprocity expectations, while the level of reciprocity behavior, measured as a proportion of the trust received, does not change systematically with the level of trust experienced.     

博弈决策影响因素及内在机制研究现状与展望

博弈决策是指“在包含利益相互依存的两个或多个参与者的博弈情境中所进行的行为决策”。博弈决策自进入心理学研究后已成为决策心理研究领域的热点。本文述评了博弈决策的影响因素及神经生理机制的研究现状;对未来研究方向进行了展望,包括加强内在机制研究与综合理论模型建构、改进和完善研究范式与加强对多种范式的考察、加强相关认知及情绪能力的作用机制研究、加强对语言等影响因素的跨文化与文化间比较、加强应用与训练研究。     

PROCEDURES TO INCREASE SOME ASPECTS OF CREATIVITY

Instructions, reinforcement (team points), and practice were applied to four behaviorally defined creative behaviors of eight fourth- and fifth-grade students. All four aspects (number of different responses, fluency; number of verb forms, flexibility; number of words per response, elaboration; and statistical infrequency of response forms, originality) were demonstrated to be under experimental control. The procedures also raised students' scores on Torrance's tests of creativity. Application of the experimental procedures may well be practical for classroom teachers.     

同伴侵害对青少年问题性网络游戏使用的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对1401名青少年进行调查研究,考察了同伴侵害对青少年问题性网络游戏使用（Problematic online game use,POGU）的影响,同时考察了学业自我效能感在其中的中介作用,以及该过程是否受到父母知情的调节。结果发现：（1）在控制了性别、年龄和家庭社会经济地位（SES）后,同伴侵害仍可显著正向预测青少年POGU;（2）同伴侵害不仅可以直接正向预测青少年POGU,还可以通过影响学业自我效能感进而间接预测青少年POGU;（3）父母知情显著调节同伴侵害影响青少年POGU的直接效应,较高的父母知情可以缓冲同伴侵害的负面效应;（4）父母知情显著调节中介模型的后半段（学业自我效能感→POGU）,即低水平的父母知情放大了低学业自我效能感对青少年POGU的风险效应。     

投资决策进化心理学的研究：预期的私人资金分配和父母对子女的差异性精力投入

投资决策的进化心理学研究着眼于辨认人类获得进化适应的特定环境中经常出现的典型性风险,探寻为了应对这些风险而进化出的信息处理机制,并验证现时的社会因素和个体因素对这些心理机制的激活或抑制作用。在研究一中,被试预测了与自己同龄的男人或女人如何分配一笔中彩的奖金给自己和其他可能的受益人。研究发现：（1）钱数的分配大体由亲缘关系的疏密程度决定;（2）两性被试都假想男性比女性更慷慨,但实际上男性表现得更自利;（3）女性被试预测男性中奖人的金钱分配比男性被试预测女性中奖人的金钱分配更为准确;（4）女性被试的受益人更多,分享的社会范围更广。研究二探讨了父母对子女投入精力的不同取决于家庭的相对财富而非绝对财富的进化心理学假说。用哺乳与否和生育间隔期为测量指标,研究结果显示：（1）家庭实际收入影响父母对子女的总投入;（2）与邻里家庭相比,父母对于自己家庭相对收入的认知影响了对子女有别的差异性精力投入。基于男性普遍在财富和生育数量上比女性有更大的变异度,投资儿子比投资女儿更具博弈性。两项研究表明,人类的理性决策既受限于社会关系又适应于相对的财富状况