Organic Unities, Non-Trade-Off, and the Additivity of Intrinsic Value

Whether or not intrinsic valueis additively measurable is often thought todepend on the truth or falsity of G. E. Moore'sprinciple of organic unities. I argue that thetruth of this principle is, contrary to received opinion, compatible with additivemeasurement. However, there are other veryplausible evaluative claims that are moredifficult to combine with the additivity ofintrinsic value. A plausible theory of the goodshould allow that there are certain kinds ofstates of affairs whose intrinsic value cannotbe outweighed by any number of states ofcertain other, less valuable, kinds. Such``non-trade-off' cannot reasonably be explainedin terms of organic unities, and it can bereconciled with the additivity thesis only ifwe are prepared to give up some traditionalclaims about the nature of intrinsic value.     

Local Anaesthesia, The Increase of the Evil Through Emotional Impoverishment

Evil should be characterised as a specific constellation, which results from destructive connections between individual activities and systemic influences. The article shows some important aspects of the structure of evil and prefers the terms of wickedness and obscene coincidences to describe its own character. Therefore, also the division between rationality and affectivity appears as inadequate, because evil has on the one side an intrinsic attractiveness for individuals and is on the other side in modern societies more and more a product of a rationality, which is free from passion. Especially the emotional impoverishment is responsible for the increase of evil, which is demonstrated by two examples. Based on Paul Ricoeur, the evolution of malum can be developed by a short analyse of the relationship between Ethics and Emotions.     

心理模拟对陆军士兵构建沙盘表征的增强效应

跟随路径的心理模拟是一种想象练习。通过设定对照组检验了基于学习的第一人称和第三人称心理模拟完成方位判断任务和场景再认任务的情况,考察不同心理模拟条件下位置关系表征和视觉记忆表征的构建质量。结果发现,和休息条件相比,第三人称心理模拟和第一人称心理模拟均易于完成方位判断任务和场景再认任务;且第三人称模拟比第一人称心理模拟更易于完成两个任务。结果提示,心理模拟对表征质量有增强效应,场景外强化比场景内强化更易构建表征质量。结果支持位置关系表征一种表征假说。     

Organic Unities

I defend the view that there are organic unities mainly by presenting examples of organic unities. I also defend the view against two objections. The first objection appeals to the notion of an evaluatively incomplete state of affairs. The second objection holds that the intrinsic value of a state of affairs can be different in different contexts. I argue that neither objection provides a compelling reason for rejecting these examples.     

Uniqueness proof for a family of models sharing features of Tucker's three-mode factor analysis and PARAFAC/candecomp

Some existing three-way factor analysis and MDS models incorporate Cattell's “Principle of Parallel Proportional Profiles”. These models can—with appropriate data—empirically determine a unique best fitting axis orientation without the need for a separate factor rotation stage, but they have not been general enough to deal with what Tucker has called “interactions” among dimensions. This article presents a proof of unique axis orientation for a considerably more general parallel profiles model which incorporates interacting dimensions. The model, X_k=A^AD_k H^BD_k B', does not assume symmetry in the data or in the interactions among factors. A second proof is presented for the symmetrically weighted case (i.e., where^AD_k=^BD_k). The generality of these models allows one to impose successive restrictions to obtain several useful special cases, including PARAFAC2 and three-way DEDICOM. We want to express appreciation for the contributions of several colleagues: Jos M. F. ten Berge and Henk A. L. Kiers carefully went through more than one version of this article, found an important error, and contributed many improvements. J. Douglas Carroll and Shizuhiko Nishisato acted with unusual editorial preserverance and flexibility, thereby making possible the successful completion of a difficult assessment and revision process. Joseph B. Kruskal has long provided crucial mathematical insights and inspiration to those working in this area, but this is particularly true for us. His contributions to this specific article include early discussion of basic questions and careful examination of some earlier attempted proofs, finding them to be invalid. The anonymous reviewers also made useful suggestions. Some portions of this work were supported in part by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.     

RELIGION AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION

Abstract. The end of the twentieth century marks the slow disintegration of both the Marxist and capitalist socioeconomic theories, inasmuch as both have proven inadequate to meet basic issues of human existence. Their inadequacy rests on the tendency to use the criteria of extrinsic rewards, quantification, production, and consumption to evaluate human personhood and human activity. What is needed is a third alternative to these two systems, one that is based on intrinsic rewards and cultivates internal values rather than production, consumption, and quantification. Religious communities have traditionally been such an alternative and seem to represent an ordered nucleus of information that can counter the inadequacies of Marxism and capitalism. To carry out this function, religions must (1) minimize the trivial differences that set belief systems against one another; (2) support bimodal cultural evolution that allows the old and the new to coexist; and (3) discover the unifying factors that cut across human groups.     

削弱效应是否存在：工作场所中内外动机的关系

外部动机是否削弱内部动机？已有研究结论并不一致。澄清这一问题的有效途径是对外部动机的恰当分类。研究以165名企业员工为研究对象, 针对动机的动态性特点, 采用两时点纵向研究的方法, 以自我决定理论对外部动机的分类为基础, 探讨3种不同内化程度的外部动机--外在动机、内射动机和认同动机与内部动机的关系及外部动机内化程度与自主支持的关系。研究结果表明：(1)控制性、非内化的外部动机, 即外在动机和内射动机削弱员工的内部动机; (2)自主性、内化的外部动机, 即认同动机不会削弱员工的内部动机, 而是促进和保护内部动机; (3)自主支持环境促进员工外部动机内化的程度(即认同动机的增加)。最后, 研究对所取得结果的管理意义进行了讨论。     

小学生学习坚持性和学习投入在效能感、内在价值与学业成就关系中的中介作用*

采用学习坚持性问卷、自我效能感问卷、内在价值问卷和学习投入量表,对407名四、五年级小学生施测,并收集学生期中考试成绩作为客观指标,建立结构方程模型以考察学习坚持性和学习投入在自我效能感、内在价值与学业成就关系中的中介作用。结果发现:(1)学习坚持性与自我效能感、内在价值、学习投入、学业成就均显著正相关;(2)学习坚持性可以部分中介自我效能感与学习投入、内在价值与学习投入之间的相关;(3)学习坚持性通过学习投入的中介作用影响学业成就。     

表扬与内在动机关系的三种观点

目前表扬与内在动机的关系共有三种观点：一种观点认为表扬对内在动机有促进作用,另外一些观点则认为表扬会对内在动机产生损害。Henderlong和Lepper对这两类观点进行了整合,提出了第三种观点,他们认为不能简单地说表扬会促进还是损害内在动机,他们引入了5个概念变量(conceptual variables)：自主性(perceived autonomy)、归因方式(performance attributions)、自我效能感(competence self—efficacy)、真诚性(sincerity)、成就标准(standards and expectations),并认为这5个变量决定着表扬对内在动机的影响效果。