Why should citizens participate in civic endeavors they oppose? In the Philoctetes , Sophocles dramatizes the actions of three interlocutors who struggle for answers to an intractable personal and political conflict amid an existential civic crisis. The characters try several methods to resolve the impasse, specifically deceit, sympathy and appeals to duty. Ultimately, civic religion succeeds in creating unity where other methods of resolution fail. The civic religion framework in the Philoctetes can be seen as Sophocles's statement that resolution of the most extreme political conflicts can be obtained through a combination of piety and reason that respects foundational civic doctrines transcending politics. In this way, civic religion serves to unify political communities divided by self‐interest, intolerance, and desire for revenge while preserving self‐determination and the dignity of free will. 相似文献
Mothers living in areas exposed to ongoing military conflict are at higher risk for psychological difficulties, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, than those not living in such areas. The aim of this two-part exploratory study was twofold. The first aim was to examine differences between mothers who grew up under ongoing military conflict in childhood and mothers who did not grow up in affected areas in terms of their levels of differentiation of self and parental self-efficacy (PSE). The second aim was to identify and describe the parenting experiences of mothers who were exposed to military conflict in childhood. In Part 1 of the study, the sample included 120 mothers (half of whom reported on being exposed to ongoing military conflict in childhood). Findings showed that mothers exposed to ongoing military conflict in childhood reported lower levels of differentiation of self and PSE than their counterparts. In Part 2, 10 mothers who were exposed to ongoing military conflict as children were interviewed about their experience as parents and their PSE. Results indicated that the mothers felt their childhood experiences affected their parenting and PSE negatively, resulting in anxiety, difficulty dealing with stress and sometimes posttraumatic symptoms as well as parental patterns of overprotectiveness, separation anxiety and intergenerational transmission of anxiety. The results highlight the consequences of exposure to ongoing military conflict during childhood on levels of differentiation of self and parenting practices. 相似文献
To examine the relation between characteristics of a person's family of origin and cardiovascular, behavioral, cognitive, and affective response to interpersonal conflict, responses of 15 young males from families rated as extreme (EXT) on scales of cohesion (enmeshed or disengaged) or adaptability (chaotic or rigid) were compared to those of 25 young males from families rated as balanced (BAL) on measures of cohesion and adaptability. Subjects participated in two interpersonal role-play conflict situations, one with a male confederate and the other with a female confederate. Measures of heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and indices of both positive and negative verbal and nonverbal behaviors were obtained during each scenario and self-reported measures of positive and negative cognitive self-statements and affective response were obtained following each conflict scene. Results showed that, in contrast to BAL males, EXT males exhibited more negative verbal and nonverbal behavior, less positive nonverbal behavior, higher ratings of state anxiousness during conflict, and higher HR responses during the interaction with the male confederate than the female confederate. These findings suggest that exposure to a family environment with extreme levels of cohesion and adaptability impacts how an individual responds to interpersonal conflict in young adulthood. 相似文献
Part I (in this issue)—A Dialectical-Constructivist View of Human Development, Psychotherapy, and the Dynamics of Meaning-Making
Conflict Within Therapeutic Relationships— reviews a dialectical-constructivist model of human development and articulates,
in the language of that model, how psychotherapy, in general, works. It describes and illustrates three generic processes,
which contribute to the frequent successes of an extremely diverse range of psychotherapy theories and practices. This view
of psychotherapy focuses on both the client's meaning-making processes and the therapist's meaning-making processes and how
they contribute together to effective psychotherapy. Part I also offers a way of understanding what is going on when therapeutic
progress is blocked by conflict between the client's and the therapist's meaning-making processes. Part II—Dialectical Thinking
and Psychotherapeutic Expertise: Implications for Training Psychotherapists and Protecting Clients from Theoretical Abuse—explores
those experiences in which the therapist's own exercise of his or her meaning-making structures, and maintenance of the integrity
of his or her theories, has a limiting or destructive impact on the value of therapy to the client. It considers the concept
of “theoretical abuse” by psychotherapists as a way of characterizing the most destructive of these experiences. This serves
as a rhetorical device for introducing comparisons between these phenomena and the phenomena of sexual abuse by psychotherapists,
in terms of dynamics, prevalence, and appropriate strategies for prevention. Part II uses work on the development of dialectical
thinking in adulthood to conceptualize how different understandings of the nature of psychotherapists' expertise increase
or decrease the likelihood and severity of “theoretical abuse”. Finally, it derives implications for training psychologists
and other psychotherapy professionals. 相似文献