顶叶在特征捆绑中的作用--对一例典型双侧顶叶损伤病人的研究

本实验以一例典型双侧顶叶损伤患者为研究对象,以数字和几何形状为材料,采用形状和颜色特征识别任务,主要考察了顶叶及空间信息是否影响视觉特征捆绑。结果显示,患者在特征捆绑任务上操作成绩较差,错觉性结合错误远远多于特征错误,且正确反应及错觉性结合受刺激间的距离及呈现方式的影响,表现出距离和位置效应。这些结果表明,顶叶在视觉特征捆绑中起重要作用,这种影响作用很可能与空间注意有关。本研究进一步为特征整合理论提供了神经心理学的证据。     

样例学习研究的发展及问题

样例学习是教育心理学古老的研究课题,受到认识和教育心理学家的高度重视。章主要介绍了20世纪80年代以来对样例内特征、样例间特征以及自我解释效应的研究成果,指出了样例学习研究尚待进一步解决的问题,为将来进一步探讨样例学习提供了新的参考框架。     

小学语文教科书中人物的心理学研究

语文教科书中的人物具有一定的特征,并影响学生的社会化。本文对人民教育出版社出版的从1993年9月开始使用至今的九年义务教育六年制小学语文教科书进行了统计和分析。统计结果显示：1．在民族类别上,汉族人是少数民族人的25．2倍,显示了以汉族人为中心的特点。2．在形象倾向上,人物的形象倾向反映了教学大纲中的一些要求．但对现代人的形象和时代发展所需的一些精神品质反映不够。3．在身份／职业上,人物的身份／职业主要集中于政治家、军人、文学家等少数几种．对普通平凡的身份／职业描写不多。4．在国别上．中国人物的数量是外国人物数量的5．5倍,对外国人的形象描写未能较好体现出时代发展的要求。     

调型和调阶对阳平和上声知觉的作用

使用心理-物理的方法研究了汉语普通话母语者对阳平和上声的感知。实验结果表明：普通话母语者对阳平和上声的分辨呈现出一定的范畴化倾向, 但普通话母语者区分这两个声调的范畴化程度不及他们区分阴平和阳平的范畴化程度; 普通话母语者不倾向于把孤立的低平升调和低平调辨认为上声; 在调阶不高的条件下, 音高曲线终点的“高”对于阳平的感知并不重要。这些结果暗示着, “低降”是和“升”分别是普通话上声和阳平的音系特征, 普通话可能也像吴方言一样存在阴、阳调域的差别, 阳平和上声同属于低调域。     

面孔吸引力的回顾与前瞻

面孔吸引力是传递社会情感性信息的重要来源。面孔的平均化、对称性、性别二态性特征等因素会影响对面孔吸引力的评价。近年来, 研究者对面孔吸引力的研究已拓展到动态面孔上, 并采用fMRI技术发现当让被试评价有吸引力的面孔时, 杏仁核、眶额叶、腹侧枕叶等脑区被激活。研究者从进化论取向与认知取向两方面来解释人们为何偏好有吸引力的面孔。以往研究在研究内容、研究材料和研究对象等方面尚存不足, 这正是今后的研究方向。     

特征和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的作用

本研究采用训练−测试范式考察颜色和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的作用。实验1考察是否存在基于具体位置的价值驱动的注意捕获效应。在训练阶段, 被试对8个位置中两个位置出现的红色目标反应伴随着高奖励反馈, 而对另外两个位置出现的红色目标反应伴随着低奖励反馈, 其它4个位置为中性位置, 没有目标出现。在测试阶段, 一半试次中红色刺激作为分心物出现。结果发现, 只有当分心刺激出现在高奖励位置和两个高奖励位置之间的中性位置时才能够捕获注意; 实验2考察颜色和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的交互作用。在训练阶段, 将颜色特征和位置信息联合起来进行学习。在测试阶段, 和高、低奖励相联结的颜色刺激各在1/3试次中作为分心物出现。结果发现, 只有当高奖励颜色出现在高奖励位置或出现在高奖励位置之间的中性位置时才能够捕获注意。研究结果表明：(1)位置联结的价值驱动的注意捕获效应能够泛化到特定邻近位置上; (2)个体在训练阶段将颜色和位置的联合特征与奖励建立联结, 训练阶段建立的联结不能泛化到部分特征上。价值驱动注意捕获效应的泛化具有选择性。     

归纳推理中相似性和类别标签的作用

该文采用“篇章阅读”实验范式探索了归纳推理中前提类别和结论类别间相似性、结论类别标签属性对归纳推理的作用。90名大学生被试参加了3个实验。实验1结果表明,归纳推理受前提类别和结论类别之间相似性的影响,相似性越高归纳推理力度越强;实验2结果表明,归纳推理还受结论类别上位类别知识的影响,当类别属性和相似性冲突情况下,被试更倾向按照类别属性进行推理;实验3结果表明,归纳推理通达上位类别知识是一个主动建构的过程,即使是在类别标签不确定的情况下,被试仍然依赖类别标签进行推理。并初步提出了“归纳推理力度=两事物相似性×归类概率”模型设想。     

When senses meet functions: an amodal stage in conceptual processing

Research has shown that concepts are associated with modality-specific features widely distributed in the brain and that semantic hubs or convergence zones may exist to mediate or integrate distributed representations. Although much neuropsychological and neuroimaging literature has provided support for the existence of hubs/convergence zones from the spatial perspective, opinions differ as to whether the representations in the hubs/convergence zones are modality-specific or amodal. The current ERP study aimed to explore whether there is an amodal stage in conceptual processing from the temporal perspective. Participants were presented with prime-target pairs and were asked to judge whether the prime (a sensory or functional feature) could be an attribute of the target (a noun in a natural or artifactual category). The results revealed that a semantic hub or convergence zone may be reached no later than 350–450?ms in conceptual processing and that the representations in the hub may be amodal.     

The development of visual search in infants and very young children.

In two experiments, 90 1- to 3-year-olds were trained in a new nonverbal task to touch a video screen that displayed a unique target resembling a popular television character. The target appeared among varying numbers of distractors that resembled another familiar television character and was either a uniquely colored shape (the feature search task) or a unique color-shape combination (the conjunction search task). Each correct response triggered a sound and produced four animated objects on the screen. Irrespective of age and experimental design (between-subjects or within-subjects), children's reaction time (RT) patterns resembled those obtained from adults in corresponding search tasks: The RT slope for feature search was flat and independent of distractor number, whereas the RT slope for conjunction search increased linearly with distractor number. These results extend visual search effects found with adults to infants and very young children and suggest that the basic perceptual processes underlying visual search are qualitatively invariant over ontogeny.     

Modality-specific interference between action planning and perceptual processing

This paper reports a study which examined an interaction between action planning and processing of perceptual information in two different sensory modalities. In line with the idea that action planning consists in representing the action’s sensory outcomes, it was assumed that different types of actions should be coupled with different modalities. A visual and auditory oddball paradigm was combined with two types of actions: pointing and knocking (unrelated to the perceptual task). Results showed an interactive effect between the action type and the sensory modality of the oddballs, with impaired detection of auditory oddballs for knocking (congruent) action, as compared to a pointing (incongruent) action. These findings reveal that action planning can interact with modality-specific perceptual processing and that preparing an action presumably binds the respective perceptual features with an action plan, thereby making these features less available for other tasks.