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281.
Several links between aspects of executive functioning and the development of social competence have been established. The
present study investigates the relation between executive inhibitory control and cooperative/non-cooperative behavior, in
an ecological setting, and from a longitudinal perspective. Elementary school children (n=195) of three age groups (7, 9, 11 years, initially) were measured at two consecutive time points, at a one-year interval,
with tasks tapping executive inhibitory control (the Stroop test), and social competence (a collaborative puzzle solving task).
Executive inhibition was identified as the most influential stable predictor only in the case of non-cooperative behavior
and presented strong concurrent relations with both cooperative and non-cooperative behavior at follow-up, even when controlling
for previous level of the same behavior. The findings imply the need to consider the important role of executive inhibitory
processes in multifactorial models of social competence development and in the refinement of present interventions. 相似文献
282.
Since elderly people suffering from dementia want to go on living independently for as long as possible, they need to be able
to maintain familiar and learn new practical skills. Although explicit or declarative learning methods are mostly used to
train new skills, it is hypothesized that implicit or procedural techniques may be more effective in this population. The
present review discusses 23 experimental studies on implicit motor-skill learning in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
All studies found intact implicit motor-learning capacities. Subsequently, it is elaborated how these intact learning abilities
can be exploited in the patients’ rehabilitation with respect to the variables ‘practice’ and ‘feedback.’ Recommendations
for future research are provided, and it is concluded that if training programs are adjusted to specific needs and abilities,
older people with AD are well able to (re)learn practical motor skills, which may enhance their autonomy. 相似文献
283.
Robin S. Codding Tanya L. Eckert Erica Fanning Maria Shiyko Esther Solomon 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(2):125-141
The purpose of this study was to compare the isolated effects of cover-copy-compare (CCC) with the combined effects of CCC
and two types of performance feedback (i.e., digits correct and incorrect per minute) on sixth grade students’ mathematics
fluency and accuracy. An alternating treatments design was employed to compare treatments across 16 weeks. Participants included
three general education sixth grade students whose teachers recommended them for additional help with mathematics calculation.
No differentiation between treatments was demonstrated for any of the participants and individual differences pertaining to
the number of sessions needed to reach and consistently perform at mastery levels were found. Follow-up data at 4 and 12 days
following termination of the intervention phase indicated that all participants continued to perform at mastery levels. Generalization
to a slightly more difficult mathematics skill yielded pre-intervention to post-intervention increases, albeit small. Students
rated all three treatment conditions favorably. 相似文献
284.
Teachers facing school failure: the social valorization of effort in the school context 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Maria Cristina Matteucci 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(1):29-53
This paper describes two studies concerning teachers’ classroom interventions facing school failure. The role of two main
variables is investigated: the lack of effort as a cause of failure students are held responsible for by teachers, and teacher’s
social representations of intelligence. The first study (Study 1) explored the impact of “lack of effort” causal attribution
for student’s failure on the intervention strategies adopted by 122 high school teachers. Study 2 analyzed the impact of social
representations of intelligence, held by 202 high school teachers, on “lack of effort” causal inference and on behavioral
interventions. Results highlight that teachers mostly choose more severe educational interventions with retributive purpose
when failure is ascribable to an absence of effort expenditure by the student. Moreover, the findings support the role of
teachers’ social representations of intelligence in failure explanations and in educational practices, showing that “lack
of effort” attribution and practices with retributive purpose are predicted by the social representation of intelligence “as
a gift”. Results are analyzed and discussed by considering the effort as a normative parameter of the school environment.
This research was supported financially in part by MURST “University funds, 2004 (Ex 40%)”. Portions of these results were
presented at the 8th International Conference on Social Representations, Rome. 相似文献
285.
Regardless of preexisting trauma history, offenders regularly experience traumatic events while incarcerated. Current therapeutic approaches focus on coping skills and behavioral responses. The authors recommend integrating the use of trauma‐informed care to address the deeper emotional responses tied to trauma. 相似文献
286.
287.
288.
《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2018,59(3):262-272
This study presents effects of adding Circle of Security‐Parenting (COS ‐P) to an already established comprehensive therapeutic model for early parent‐child intervention in three Swedish infant mental health (IMH ) clinics. Parents’ internal representations and quality of parent‐infant interaction were studied in a clinical sample comprised of 52 parent‐infant dyads randomly allocated to two comparable groups. One group consisted of 28 dyads receiving treatment as usual (TAU ) supplemented with COS ‐P in a small group format, and another group of 24 dyads receiving TAU only. Assessments were made at baseline (T1), 6 months after inclusion (T2) and 12 months after inclusion (T3). Changes over time were explored in 42 dyads. In the COS ‐P group, the proportion of balanced representations, as assessed with Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI ), significantly increased between T1 and T3. Further, the proportion of emotionally available interactions, as assessed with Emotional Availability scales (EA ), significantly increased over time in the COS ‐P group. Improvements in the TAU ‐group were close to significant. Limitations of the study are mainly related to the small sample size. Strength is the real world character of the study, where COS ‐P was implemented in a clinical context not otherwise adapted to research. We conclude by discussing the value of supplementing TAU with COS ‐P in IMH treatment. 相似文献
289.
High numbers of young military personnel die due to road traffic collisions (RTCs). Yet, there is a paucity of research related to the contributing factors (i.e., optimism bias and willingness to take risks) associated with RTCs and the examination of road safety education program tailored at reducing young military fatalities. In order to address this gap in the literature, we examined one specific road safety educational intervention tailored for the UK military personnel and investigated their attitudes towards the program, optimism bias and willingness to take risks. Measures evaluating their optimism bias, willingness to take risks and attitudes towards the program were asked after the participants attended the road safety interventions. The results revealed that young military personnel, aged 18–25, had higher optimism bias and willingness to take risks compared to older military personnel, and that this effect diminishes with age. The results provide importance evidence related to military personnel’s attitudes to risk-taking. 相似文献
290.
Predictors of Farmers’ Market Shopping among People Receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Benefits 下载免费PDF全文
Darcy A. Freedman Eunlye Lee Punam Ohri‐Vachaspati Erika Trapl Elaine Borawski Kimberly Bess Susan Flocke 《American journal of community psychology》2018,61(3-4):488-499
Promoting use of farmers’ markets (FMs) is a promising community‐level strategy to increase access to nutritious foods such as fruits and vegetables. Yet, FM shopping among people with Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits remains low. This research examined predictors of FM shopping among SNAP recipients living within 1 mile of a FM. A cross‐sectional survey of SNAP participants (N = 270) was conducted in 2015 in Cleveland and East Cleveland, OH, USA. Multinomial regression and zero‐truncated Poisson regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with FM shopping. Results indicate 48% reported shopping at a FM at least once in the past year, 26% had shopped at a FM before, but not in the last year, and 26% had never shopped at a FM. The multivariable analyses found awareness of FMs and a healthy food incentive program, and four dimensions of healthy food access are significantly associated with FM shopping among SNAP recipients. The food access dimensions included service delivery, spatial‐temporal, personal, and social access. Findings highlight modifiable leverage points for improving the reach of FMs among low‐income populations. 相似文献