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251.
The research presented is a partial empirical evaluation of the second author's proposed psychophysical theory [Luce (2002). Psychological Review, 109, 520-532; Luce (2004). Psychological Review, 111, 446-454]. The theory deals with the global percept of subjective intensity, in which there is a psychophysical function Ψ that maps pairs of physical intensities onto the positive real numbers and represents, in an explicit mathematical way, subjective summation and a form of ratio production. A number of behavioral properties have been shown to follow from these specific representations, and in the presence of certain plausible background assumptions these properties are also sufficient for the representations. In four auditory experiments, key behavioral properties of summation over the two ears and a form of generalized ratio production are evaluated empirically. Considerable support is reported for particular forms of Ψ for summations and ratio productions separately. A second article, Steingrimsson and Luce (Journal of Mathematical Psychology, in press), explores the behavioral properties that link summations and productions. 相似文献
252.
253.
Five experiments were conducted to explore trial order and retention interval effects upon causal predictive judgments. Experiment 1 found that participants show a strong effect of trial order when a stimulus was sequentially paired with two different outcomes compared to a condition where both outcomes were presented intermixed. Experiment 2 found that a 48-h retention interval eliminates the trial order effect, so that participants gave a global judgment about the relationship between the stimulus and the two outcomes equivalent to the one given by participants that received the two phases intermixed. This result was replicated in Experiment 3 in a situation in which the probability of the outcome in the presence of the cue was changed from .5 for both outcomes (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5) to .75 and .25 for outcomes 1 and 2, respectively. Experiment 4 found that retention intervals ranging from 45 min to 48 h eliminated the trial order effect similarly. Experiment 5 found that a 10-min retention interval replicated the effect of time upon sequential training found in precedent experiments, regardless of whether participants remained within the laboratory during the retention interval or spent it outside. The combined results of this experimental series suggest that retention intervals reduce retroactive interference in causal learning by allowing participants to use all the information presented across phases, rather than differentially increasing or decreasing retrieval of information about each of them. 相似文献
254.
Thomas Augustin 《Psychometrika》2006,71(3):469-481
Stevens postulated that we can use the responses of a participant in a ratio scaling experiment directly to construct a psychophysical
function representing the participant's sensations. Although Stevens' methods of constructing measurement scales are widely
used in the behavioral sciences, the problem of which scale type is appropriate to describe ratio scaling data is still unresolved.
To deal with this problem, we develop a theoretical framework to specify the scale type attained by Stevens' direct scaling
methods. It is shown, under fairly mild background assumptions, that the behavioral axioms presented in this paper are necessary
and sufficient for the psychophysical functions to be ordinal-, interval-, log-interval-, or ratio-scales. Furthermore, suggestions
on how to test these behavioral axioms are provided.
Requests for reprints should be sent to thomas. 相似文献
255.
256.
用贝叶斯推理问题为实验材料,探讨了主体关联性对贝叶斯推理概率估计的影响。结果表明,当估计的事件与主体有关时,被试对消极事件概率估计较低,对积极事件概率估计值;当估计的事件与主体无关时,被试对消极事件和积极事件的概率估计无显著差异。反应时分析表明,被试对消极事件的概率估计比对积极事件的概率估计时间显著地长,当消极事件与主体有关时概率估计时间就更长;而对积极事件的概率估计,与主体有关和与主体无关时反应时差异不显著。这表明,被试对消极事件的概率估计(特别是消极事件与己有关时)更为慎重。 相似文献
257.
用两个实验考查了时距估计中刺激物的动态变化效应。结果发现,刺激物的运动、速度和旋转角度显著地影响着被试的时间判断,刺激物速度的时距延长效应对于较长时距(18s-24s)来说更加明显;运动刺激与较短、较准确的时距判断相关联;旋转角度的减少使得被试低估时距,而旋转角度的增加使得时距估计呈高估倾向。被试在时间估计过程中表现出长时距低估和短时距高估现象,本研究得到的时间估计转换点是11.4s,此点与先前的有关研究基本一致。 相似文献
258.
The animacy effect—the finding that animates are better remembered than inanimates—is proving to be a robust empirical phenomenon. Considering the adaptiveness of the animate advantage, one might expect it to remain after long retention intervals and also to be present irrespectively of an intention to learn. The present study explores these two aspects. Different groups of participants learned (intentional learning) or rated the pleasantness (incidental learning) of animate and inanimate words; memory was tested immediately or after a 48?h delay. A significant animacy effect was obtained after both retention intervals and in both learning conditions. Two significant interactions revealed a larger animacy effect, as well as a larger effect of the retention interval, when learning was incidental. Our findings reinforce the robustness of the animacy effect and provide some insight into possible proximate mechanisms of the effect. 相似文献
259.
包含评分者侧面的测验通常不符合任意一种概化理论设计,因此从概化理论的角度来看这类测验下的数据应属于缺失数据,而决定缺失结构的就是测验的评分方案。用R软件模拟出三种评分方案下的数据,并比较传统法、评价法和拆分法在各评分方案下的估计效果,结果表明:(1)传统法估计准确性较差;(2)评分者一致性较高时,适宜用评价法进行估计;(3)拆分法的估计结果最准确,仅在固定评分者评分方案下需注意评分者与考生数量之比,该比值小于等于0.0047 时估计结果较为准确。 相似文献
260.
Julia Szalwinski Jessica L. Thomason‐Sassi Emily Moore Kelly McConnell 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2019,52(4):944-955
Reports suggest that individuals with developmental disabilities often engage in behavior during dental visits that precludes regular dental care. Graduated exposure therapies are an effective treatment for avoidant behavior in people with developmental delays, and some studies show that the duration of the intersession interval (ISI) can impact the effectiveness of graduated exposure treatments for typically developing individuals. The current study examined the effects of decreasing ISI on outcomes of a graduated exposure treatment during simulated routine dental care for 3 individuals diagnosed with autism. Treatment consisted of graduated exposure and extinction for disruptive behavior. Initially, sessions were conducted once per week. In subsequent conditions, treatment sessions were conducted 3‐5 times per week. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline across subjects design was used to demonstrate experimental control. Results suggest that decreasing ISI durations can produce improved treatment outcomes. 相似文献