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91.
92.
Narrow Window theory, suggested by Y. Kareev ten years ago, has so far focused on one central implication of the limited capacity of working memory on intuitive correlation estimation, namely, overestimation of the distal population correlation. This paper points to additional and perhaps more dramatic implications due to the large dispersion of intuitive estimates: (a) large estimation errors, possibly causing overestimation of negligible rhos, misses of strong rhos, and distorted hierarchies of the rhos between different pairs of variables; and (b) large interpersonal differences in the estimation of any given rho and highly incongruent hierarchies of estimated correlations between different pairs of variables. These implications impede both individuals' adaptation to the empirical world and communication among themselves. 相似文献
93.
Meany-Daboul MG Roscoe EM Bourret JC Ahearn WH 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2007,40(3):501-514
In the current study, momentary time sampling (MTS) and partial-interval recording (PIR) were compared to continuous-duration recording of stereotypy and to the frequency of self-injury during a treatment analysis to determine whether the recording method affected data interpretation. Five previously conducted treatment analysis data sets were analyzed by creating separate graphic displays for each measurement method (duration or frequency, MTS, and PIR). An expert panel interview and structured criterion visual inspection were used to evaluate treatment effects across measurement methods. Results showed that treatment analysis interpretations based on both discontinuous recording methods often matched those based on frequency or duration recording; however, interpretations based on MTS were slightly more likely to match those based on duration and those based on PIR were slightly more likely to match those based on frequency. 相似文献
94.
Lidia Obojska 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2007,36(6):641-657
The new system of axioms we propose is based on the foundational theory of De Giorgi et al. Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Preprints di Matematica 26: 1 (1996) slightly modified. In that paper (which is dedicated to a new axiomatic framework for mathematics, informatics
and logic) the authors use two kinds of primitive notions: relations and qualities. Since their system is based on the distribution
paradigm, they start from distinction. We propose to shift the perspective and to start from unity and then from within unity
to pass to distinction; to this end we apply ideas of Lesniewski, Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 44 (1992). We introduce only one kind of entity as a primitive notion, namely relations, and treat qualities as articulations
of relations. The new concept of “primary relation” permits the introduction of a dynamic, non-standard form of identity,
which we hope will find application in various fields where self-referential structures are required. 相似文献
95.
Michael Schwarz 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):185-213
It is believed a proven fact that variables in social and personality psychology match to normal distribution with its single peak. Multiple peaks are explained by independent variables. However, after a comprehensive data analysis
of more than 8.000 patients and on the basis of a bio-psycho-social model with 27 scales, we arrived at the conclusion that
normal distribution and the psychometric error theory cannot withstand critical analysis in large samples. Beyond the “truth”
that is proved by distribution-dependent statistical inferences, there exists another “truth” that is denied by the empirical
doctrine. This “truth” is influenced by compensatory belief systems and explains paradoxes in quality of life research. We
hypothesize that items, referred to life risks are micro-stressors, triggering self-regulatory processes as a humanly inherent
response, deeply anchored in human evolution. Especially when exposed to threatening experiences, self-focused attention generates
amplified multimodal distributions and subverts the methodological premises by an ambivalence-bias between thrill and threat,
hopes and fears, pleasure and pain, success and failure, etc. In this article we want to focus attention to the incommensurability
between test theoretical axioms and the way people usually respond to self-focused items. We discuss basic distribution patterns
and approach to an evolutionary theory of fluctuation of validity.
Michael Schwarz (53) is a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist with experiences in different areas of medical rehabilitation, organizational psychology, and quality management. Since 1992 he is employee in a gastroenterological rehabilitation clinic of Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (German Federal Pension Fund). His cumulated practical experience is more than 20.000 hours of psychological and psychotherapeutic sessions. In his doctoral dissertation he investigated methodological issues resulting from the bio-psycho-social diagnostics of subjective health. 相似文献
Michael SchwarzEmail: |
Michael Schwarz (53) is a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist with experiences in different areas of medical rehabilitation, organizational psychology, and quality management. Since 1992 he is employee in a gastroenterological rehabilitation clinic of Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (German Federal Pension Fund). His cumulated practical experience is more than 20.000 hours of psychological and psychotherapeutic sessions. In his doctoral dissertation he investigated methodological issues resulting from the bio-psycho-social diagnostics of subjective health. 相似文献
96.
Takayuki Tanno Alan Silberberg Takayuki Sakagami 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,91(2):157-167
Food‐deprived rats in Experiment 1 responded to one of two tandem schedules that were, with equal probability, associated with a sample lever. The tandem schedules' initial links were different random‐interval schedules. Their values were adjusted to approximate equality in time to completing each tandem schedule's response requirements. The tandem schedules differed in their terminal links: One reinforced short interresponse times; the other reinforced long ones. Tandem‐schedule completion presented two comparison levers, one of which was associated with each tandem schedule. Pressing the lever associated with the sample‐lever tandem schedule produced a food pellet. Pressing the other produced a blackout. The difference between terminal‐link reinforced interresponse times varied across 10‐trial blocks within a session. Conditional‐discrimination accuracy increased with the size of the temporal difference between terminal‐link reinforced interresponse times. In Experiment 2, one tandem schedule was replaced by a random ratio, while the comparison schedule was either a tandem schedule that only reinforced long interresponse times or a random‐interval schedule. Again, conditional‐discrimination accuracy increased with the temporal difference between the two schedules' reinforced interresponse times. Most rats mastered the discrimination between random ratio and random interval, showing that the interresponse times reinforced by these schedules can serve to discriminate between these schedules. 相似文献
97.
AGGRESSION AS POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT IN MICE UNDER VARIOUS RATIO‐ AND TIME‐BASED REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
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Michael E. May Craig H. Kennedy 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,91(2):185-196
There is evidence suggesting aggression may be a positive reinforcer in many species. However, only a few studies have examined the characteristics of aggression as a positive reinforcer in mice. Four types of reinforcement schedules were examined in the current experiment using male Swiss CFW albino mice in a resident—intruder model of aggression as a positive reinforcer. A nose poke response on an operant conditioning panel was reinforced under fixed‐ratio (FR 8), fixed‐interval (FI 5‐min), progressive ratio (PR 2), or differential reinforcement of low rate behavior reinforcement schedules (DRL 40‐s and DRL 80‐s). In the FR conditions, nose pokes were maintained by aggression and extinguished when the aggression contingency was removed. There were long postreinforcement pauses followed by bursts of responses with short interresponse times (IRTs). In the FI conditions, nose pokes were maintained by aggression, occurred more frequently as the interval elapsed, and extinguished when the contingency was removed. In the PR conditions, nose pokes were maintained by aggression, postreinforcement pauses increased as the ratio requirement increased, and responding was extinguished when the aggression contingency was removed. In the DRL conditions, the nose poke rate decreased, while the proportional distributions of IRTs and postreinforcement pauses shifted toward longer durations as the DRL interval increased. However, most responses occurred before the minimum IRT interval elapsed, suggesting weak temporal control of behavior. Overall, the findings suggest aggression can be a positive reinforcer for nose poke responses in mice on ratio‐ and time‐based reinforcement schedules. 相似文献
98.
采用任务转换范式考察了108名中小学生的注意转换能力。反应—线索间距和线索—目标间距都分为200ms和2000ms两种水平。结果发现:(1)一般转换条件下,小5学生、初2学生和高2学生的定势选择速度相同,小5学生的定势选择正确性比初2学生和高2学生低;特定转换条件下,短时CTI下小5学生的定势转换速度比初2学生和高2学生慢,长时CTI下小5学生的定势转换速度比初2学生和高2学生快,初2学生的定势转换正确性比高2学生低;(2)一般转换条件下,任务定势重组在任务转换中作用不大,任务定势惯性在任务转换中起作用;特定转换条件下,任务定势重组和任务定势惯性在任务转换中的作用都不大。 相似文献
99.
现在,等值越来越受到各考试测验机构及测量学研究人员的重视,特别是项目反应理论等值的优越性更使他们有了信心。然而,很多人却没有注意到被试能力分布形态可能给等值结果带来的影响效果及程度。本研究以项目反应理论两级记分模型的项目参数等值在不同被试能力分布形态下的结果差异作为重点,探讨被试抽样偏差可能给项目特征曲线等值带来的误差问题。研究结果表明,被试能力分布形态会显著地影响项目参数等值的系数,特别地,能力分布的偏态系数与等值方程的截距存在显著的线性相关关系,但能力分布形态的变化对等值方程中斜率的影响并不明显 相似文献
100.