阅读理解困难儿童的认知加工

阅读理解困难是阅读障碍的一个主要类型,近年来受到西方研究者的重视。阅读理解认知加工,核心是有层次的语义加工,理解困难儿童在词汇语义加工和篇章推理和整合上都存在落后。理解困难儿童的信息推理水平落后,可能原因来自两个方面：一方面是语音工作记忆缺陷导致推理加工能力缺陷,另一方面是阅读元认知缺陷导致阅读目的和理解监控发展不正常。这些缺陷之间复杂的关系,还需要进一步研究     

ADHD儿童的选择性抑制

采用较传统停止信号任务更为精确的选择性停止信号任务,探索ADHD的选择性抑制缺陷的机制。结果发现,ADHD儿童在选择性停止信号任务上,抑制失败的比率明显高于正常儿童,但是其执行加工速度和抑制加工速度与正常儿童没有差异,另外,ADHD儿童表现出了更大的反应变异性。研究认为,ADHD在选择性停止信号任务上的抑制缺陷并非由于抑制加工速度过慢所导致,而是由于其不能很好地维持最佳的激活状态所导致,状态调节理论更能反映ADHD的本质。     

不同任务情境中5~6岁儿童卡通面孔加工的眼动研究

以卡通面孔图片为刺激材料,赋予5~6岁儿童三种不同的加工任务,包括卡通面孔识别、分类和吸引力评价,旨在比较其在不同任务情境中的眼动差异。结果表明:(1)任务情境会影响儿童对卡通面孔的加工。在不同的面孔加工任务中,儿童的反应时、正确率、注视时间和次数等存在差异;(2)随着三种任务难度的逐渐加大,儿童的加工程度也相应地加深;(3)儿童在三种任务中的加工方式一致,对面部不同部位的关注程度不同:加工初期特别关注鼻子,而后眼睛部位耗费最多的注意资源,其次是鼻子、嘴巴、前额和脸颊,极少关注下巴;(4)男女童在卡通面孔分类任务中表现出较显著的性别差异,女童具有速度方面的优势,而男童对于关键信息的搜索则更为积极主动。     

情绪诱发方法述评

对被试的情绪进行实验诱发已经成为情绪研究的标准方法之一。对情绪材料诱发法(图片诱发法、音乐诱发法、气味诱发法)和情绪性情境诱发法(电脑游戏诱发、博弈游戏诱发和表情/姿势反馈诱发)进行了详细阐述, 并对被试个体差异等情绪诱发的影响因素进行了分析。最后, 在总结和评价现有自豪诱发技术的基础上, 对虚拟竞赛这一经过改良的自豪诱发方法做了简要的介绍。     

Do supplementary signs distract the driver?

In 2005, the regulation of signage on German highways was changed and now allows supplementary signs. These signs are installed below direction signs and inform about the services offered on motorway service areas. Being advertisement, the supplementary signs bear the risk to distract drivers looking for directional information. To study the influence of supplementary signs, four experiments (N = 30) were conducted. Experiment 1 used the phenomenon of change blindness as an indicator for the allocation of attention. It could be shown that drivers searching for a specific direction direct nearly no attention to the supplementary signs. In experiment 2 and 3, the influence of the supplementary signs on perceptional threshold for directional information and on self-chosen perception times was measured. Neither the perceptional threshold nor perception times freely chosen by the participants were negatively affected by the supplementary signs. The last experiment analyzed the influence of supplementary signs on driver reaction in a critical driving situation in a driving simulator study. Here, supplementary signs had no negative impact on collision rate and reaction time. Based on the results, it is concluded that drivers use effective attentional strategies while searching for directional information. In the experiments no negative effects of the supplementary signs could be found.     

Self processing in the brain: A paradigmatic fMRI case study with a professional singer

Understanding the mechanisms involved in perception and conception of oneself is a fundamental psychological topic with high relevance for psychiatric and neurological issues, and it is one of the great challenges in neuroscientific research. The paradigmatic single-case study presented here aimed to investigate different components of self- and other-processes and to elucidate corresponding neurobiological underpinnings. An eminent professional opera singer with profound performance experience has undergone functional magnetic resonance imaging and was exposed to excerpts of Mozart arias, sung by herself or another singer. The results indicate a distinction between self- and other conditions in cortical midline structures, differentially involved in self-related and self-referential processing. This lends further support to the assumption of cortical midline structures being involved in the neural processing of self-specific stimuli and also confirms the power of single case studies as a research tool.     

尝试提取复杂信息失败的学习：吃一堑长一智？

摘 要：在学习中,提取失败能否产生对知识的有效学习是一个很有意义的研究课题。以事实和概念类知识为实验材料,三个实验采用经典范式探讨了复杂意义条件下的提取失败后的学习效果。结果显示仅在尝试提取事实类题目失败后,促进了知识的保持和迁移;在迁移成绩上延时反馈优于即时反馈的效果。表明尝试提取复杂材料的信息失败后,知识的类型和反馈的时机决定了学习效果。     

父母物质惩罚对儿童睡眠质量的影响：主观幸福感的中介作用及友谊质量的调节作用

摘 要：为探讨父母物质惩罚与儿童睡眠质量的关系及其作用机制,采用问卷法对438名小学生进行调查。结果发现：（1）父母物质惩罚与儿童主观幸福感、睡眠质量之间呈现显著相关;（2）物质惩罚既能直接预测儿童睡眠质量,也能通过主观幸福感的中介作用预测睡眠质量;（3）友谊质量能在物质惩罚对儿童睡眠质量的中介中起到调节,对高友谊质量的儿童来说,物质惩罚对幸福感的作用不显著。研究结果揭示了作为物质型教养行为之一的物质惩罚对儿童睡眠质量的影响及其作用机制,能为提高儿童的幸福感及睡眠质量提供有效启示。     

生存加工：一种独特而强大的记忆编码程序

记忆是进化的产物。生存是人类面临的首要问题, 在进化过程中生存压力可能塑造了记忆的有关特征。生存加工比控制条件使信息有更好的记忆表现, 产生稳定的记忆优势, 这就是所谓的记忆生存优势效应。而传统的编码程序, 如图式加工、关系加工、一致性、精细加工、努力程度、情绪激活、熟悉度、新异性及自我参照等, 均不能解释生存优势。因此, 生存加工很可能是一种新的独特而强大的记忆编码程序。最后文章指出未来研究应重视生存加工的神经机制、跨文化、儿童群体及错误记忆等方面的研究。     

音乐情境中自我参照加工的时间特征：来自ERPs的证据

采用事件相关电位技术, 考察在有情境条件下不同层面的自我参照加工的特性及其神经机制。实验发现,在两种音乐情境条件下个体自我参展刺激所激发的P300波幅比集体自我参照刺激和非自我刺激更大,而集体自我参照刺激所激发的P300波幅比非自我刺激更大;两种音乐情境条件下个体自我参照刺激所激发的P300波幅差异显著,而集体自我参照刺激所激发的P300波幅差异不显著。研究结果表明了在不同的情境中,个体自我参照加工的差异较大,表现出不稳定的特征;个体自我参照加工与集体自我参照加工的神经机制是不同的。这些结果还可能表明了相对于集体自我来讲,个体自我是自我的核心层面。