Problem Behavior and Romantic Relationships: Assortative Mating,Behavior Contagion,and Desistance

Antisocial behavior and substance misuse are forms of problem behavior demonstrating considerable continuity over time. Accordingly, problem behavior influences interpersonal contexts across the life course, which may result in the replication of coercive interactions and a problem behavior lifestyle within romantic relationships. Furthermore, theories of self-selection, and associated research, suggest that individuals pick companions compatible with, and supportive of, their behavior, leading to high levels of similarity between romantic partners and the potential reinforcement of problem behavior over time. However, some research suggests that romantic relationships may play a positive role and facilitate desistance from problem behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore how antisocial behavior and substance use both influence and are influenced by romantic relationships in late adolescence and early adulthood. We first review research regarding the extent of, and processes underlying, partner similarity in problem behavior. Next, we examine how romantic relationships may promote the desistance of problem behavior. Finally, we discuss possible moderators of the association between problem behavior and romantic relationships, as well as limitations, intergenerational implications, and recommended future directions of the reviewed research.     

Talking about interest: exploring the role of social interaction for regulating motivation and the interest experience

The Self-Regulation of Motivation Model suggests that the experience of interest is an important source of human motivation and that people often strategically regulate the experience of interest. Previous work based on this model suggests that the social context may influence this process at multiple points. The present research focuses on whether talking to others about an activity experience is one means by which individuals evaluate how interesting that activity is. In Study 1 college students completed questionnaires that asked about real life experiences where working on an activity was more interesting because they worked with others. They described experiences that occurred first in any domain, and then that occurred specifically in the school domain. Results suggested that the more students talked with others about the activity after it happened the more they reported greater interest in the activity after the conversations. In the school domain, this was especially true for Latinos and for individuals who scored higher on the Relational Self-Construal scale. Study 2 employed a lab paradigm to control for the task that individuals talked to others about and to examine whether the nature of listeners’ reactions influenced the speaker’s interest even after the study was ostensibly over. First, replicating Pasupathi and Rich (2005, ‘Inattentive listening undermines self-verification in personal storytelling’, Journal of Personality 73, pp. 1051–1086) college students who talked to a distracted friend about a computer game during the lab session reported a significant drop in interest relative to those who talked to attentive friends, regardless of whether the attentive listeners agreed or disagreed with participants. Importantly, interest ratings at a 4–6 week follow-up were affected by the perceived responsiveness of listeners during spontaneous conversational retellings outside the lab, controlling for interest levels at the end of the lab session. Taken together, results suggest that social interaction plays an important role in regulating activity interest even beyond the immediate activity experience.     

人际心理治疗的发展

人际心理治疗是一种有时间限制、基于操作手册和生活事件、诊断指向的实证性心理治疗方法。它最初主要被用于重型抑郁成年患者的门诊治疗,现已被用于治疗多种心理障碍。人际心理治疗过程变化包括：是否还赋予患者“病人”角色、人际关系问题领域的变化、如何处理结束和安排时间等。不过,有关治疗过程的研究还很少。为了更好地满足大众的需要,它与其他心理治疗成分进行了整合及其自身的简化。文章最后讨论了人际心理治疗发展的特点和问题     

中国青少年心理健康素质·人际素质的研究

采用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·人际素质分量表》对全国23个省、市、自治区的44063名青少年人际心理健康素质发展状况进行调查。结果表明：（1）我国青少年人际素质处于较好的发展水平;（2）青少年在整体人际素质及人际交往、人际调控、人际知觉等各维度上的年级变化呈现一定差异,整体人际素质与人际交往、人际调控维度得分随年级增长呈现下降趋势,人际知觉维度得分随年级的增长呈逐渐上升趋势。     

Idiosyncratic deals: Testing propositions on timing, content, and the employment relationship

This study tests propositions regarding idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) in a sample of N = 265 hospital employees using structural equation modeling. Timing and content of idiosyncratic employment arrangements are postulated to have differential consequences for the nature of the employment relationship. Results confirm that i-deals made after hire have greater impact on the employment relationship than those made ex ante. Developmental i-deals are positively related to perceiving employment as a social exchange rather than an economic exchange, whereas work hour i-deals show the opposite pattern. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Cohesiveness, coach's interpersonal style and psychological needs: Their effects on self-determination and athletes' subjective well-being

GoalThe goal of this study was to test the impact of cohesiveness and coaches' controlling interpersonal style on athletes' perceptions of autonomy, competence and relatedness. A contextual motivation sequence [Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 29 (pp. 271–360). New York: Academic Press.] was tested whereby social factors supporting the satisfaction of basic needs would increase the level of sport self-determination, which in turn, should predict subjective well-being in athletes.MethodThe proposed sequence was tested with 197 basketball players using structural equation modeling. The hypothesized model was supported.ResultsPerceptions of cohesiveness positively predicted the satisfaction of the basic needs. Perceptions of coaches' controlling interpersonal style negatively impacted feelings of autonomy. In turn, psychological needs predicted self-determination in sports ensuing greater sport satisfaction and positive emotions in sports. Tests of indirect effects also supported the mediating role of psychological needs and self-determination.ConclusionResults are discussed in light of the different types of motivational antecedents and their influence on the psychological needs.     

自尊社会计量器理论的研究述评

自尊的社会计量器理论（sociometer theory）,从进化心理学和符号互动论的角度对自尊的本质与功能进行了理论阐释,并对自尊社会计量器的理论假设进行了大量研究验证。国外相关研究主要涉及自尊社会计量器理论的思想渊源、基本观点和实证研究,以及新近研究的进展。目前的自尊社会计量器理论片面强调了他人评价对自尊的影响,而忽视其他因素对自尊的影响。未来的社会计量器理论研究应与自尊领域的其他理论相结合,以形成更完善的整合性自尊理论。     

青少年情感关系的特点和发展变化

考察了13～22岁青少年与重要他人的情感关系特点和发展变化,结果发现: (1)青少年的情感关系存在显著的性别差异.男被试对父母的情感需要总体随年龄增长逐渐减少,但没达到显著的年龄差异.而女被试则表现出逐渐增加的趋势,年龄差异显著.男女青少年在各年龄段对同性朋友的情感需要最多.(2)随年龄增长,男青少年在寻求父母亲近、接受父母情感支持、肯定、鼓励和帮助上都逐渐减少,而女青少在这些方面表现出增加的趋势.而且,男女青少年在给予父母照顾上以及对异性朋友的各项心理功能的需要上都表现出增加趋势.(3)根据焦点人物来划分情感关系类型,发现在初中和高中阶段,同性朋友类型所占的比例最高,到大学阶段异性朋友类型的比例最高.而父母类型所占的比例比较少.     

父母依恋对大学生人际适应的影响

应用自编大学生父母依恋问卷、亲子联结问卷、自尊量表、信任他人量表、人际能力问卷、领悟社会支持量表对251名大学生施测,对自编依恋问卷进行构想效度分析,并建立父母依恋影响大学生人际适应的路径模型。结果表明：1）大学生父母依恋问卷构想效度良好;2）父母依恋对人际能力、社会支持感知既有显著的直接效应,又以自尊、信任他人为中介产生间接效应;3）父母依恋对大学生人际适应有显著影响,依恋的内部工作模型理论具有跨文化适应性。     

Superordinate identity and intergroup roommate friendship development

A common ingroup identity promotes positive attitudes and behavior toward members of outgroups, but the durability of these effects and generalizability to relationships outside of the laboratory have been questioned. The present research examined how initial perceptions of common ingroup identity among randomly assigned college roommates provide a foundation for the development of intergroup friendships. For roommate dyads involving students who differed in race or ethnicity, respondents who were low on perceived intergroup commonality showed a significant decline in friendship over-time, whereas those high on perceived commonality showed consistently high levels of friendship. Similarly, participants in these dyads demonstrated a significant decline in feelings of friendship when their roommate was low in perceived commonality but not when their roommate was high in perceived commonality. These effects were partially mediated by anxiety experienced in interactions over-time. The implications of a common identity for intergroup relationship development are discussed.