公正世界信念对大学生助人意愿的影响：责任归因和帮助代价的作用

采用个人公正世界信念量表、自编的助人假设情境,先后以198名、415名大学生为被试,通过两项研究考察了责任归因和帮助代价在个人公正世界信念影响个体助人意愿中的作用。结果表明：（1）个人公正世界信念及个体对受困者遭遇的外归因,均可以显著正向预测个体的助人意愿,但个人公正世界信念与责任归因之间无显著相关。控制性别、年级和社会称许性的影响后,个体对受困者遭遇的外归因及个人公正世界信念分别可以解释5.7%和6%的变异;（2）个人公正世界信念对助人意愿的作用受到帮助代价与责任归因的调节,只有在低代价、外归因的条件下,个人公正世界信念越强,助人意愿才越高。这些结果对亲社会行为的促进具有重要启示。     

Closeness or compassion? Relatedness and causal control influence helping via distinct pathways

ABSTRACT

Why do people feel compassion? Two largely separate research literatures – one driven by evolutionary psychology and one driven by attribution theory – have shown that feelings of compassion for needy individuals and subsequent helping are predicted by both genetic relatedness and causal control. Research also suggests that emotional closeness, rather than compassion, motivates help for family. In two studies, we tested the role of genetic relatedness and control on cognitive and emotional mediators of helping. Results revealed that relatedness and control had distinct and independent effects on willingness to help needy individuals that were mediated by emotional closeness and compassion, respectively. These results provide a unique bridging of disparate literatures and suggest that emotional closeness and compassion serve distinct functions in facilitating prosocial behavior.     

运动中的效能期望、归因和情感反应的相关研究

运用Ｒｕｓｓｅｌｌ的归因维度量表等问卷对被试的效能期望、归因和情感反应进行相关研究，结果表明：效能期望影响着被试运动中的归因和情感反应；所测被试倾向于把运动结果归于个人可控的、不稳定的和内部的原因；归因能预测运动后的情感反应，但并非所有的归因维度都与运动后的情感反应有显著性相关；成败结果是影响被试归因和情感反应的重要因素；运动中的效能期望、归因方式和情感反应均存在着显著的性别差异。     

区域文化与区域刻板印象的心理学研究范式

区域刻板印象(regional stereotype)是一种涉及知觉者的关于某个地区人群群体的知识、观念与预期的认知结构。区域刻板化既是自然环境的产物,也是社会文化的产物,区域刻板化的形成既有心理因素,也有社会因素、个体因素。     

Body-scaled affordances in sensory substitution

The research field on sensory substitution devices has strong implications for theoretical work on perceptual consciousness. One of these implications concerns the extent to which the devices allow distal attribution. The present study applies a classic empirical approach on the perception of affordances to the field of sensory substitution. The reported experiment considers the perception of the stair-climbing affordance. Participants judged the climbability of steps apprehended through a vibrotactile sensory substitution device. If measured with standard metric units, climbability judgments of tall and short participants differed, but if measured in units of leg length, judgments did not differ. These results are similar to paradigmatic results in regular visual perception. We conclude that our sensory substitution device allows the perception of affordances. More generally, we argue that the theory of affordances may enrich theoretical debates concerning sensory substitution to a larger extent than has hitherto been the case.     

成人婚恋依恋研究回顾与展望

婚恋关系是成人依恋的主要形式。自上世纪80年代末，国外兴起了对成人婚恋依恋（Adult Romantic Attachment）的研究。该文介绍了成人婚恋依恋的理论背景、依恋型、内部工作模型研究及当前对婚恋依恋与成人社会功能发展的研究进展。文章最后讨论了当前研究存在的一些问题及未来研究的基本走向。     

人际交往中的认知偏差简析

现代社会个人的成长和发展离不开有效的人际交往,而人际交往中的认知偏差往往会影响人们人际交往的效果和质量,了解和认清人际交往中的认知偏差有利于我们建立良好的人际关系。文章对可能影响人际交往的首因效应、晕轮效应、刻板印象、基本归因偏差、虚假一致偏差及当事人与旁观者归因分歧的含义、表现和原因作了简要分析,以期能帮助人们对人际交往中的认知偏差加以防范和纠正,提高人们的人际交往能力。     

Use of trait information in the attribution of intentions by popular,average and rejected children

This study aimed to examine the extent to which children's sociometric status is related to the use of trait information. Therefore, 99 children (aged 4–6) were asked to make inferences about protagonists' future actions when positive or negative trait information was given. Results showed that rejected children were less affected by the protagonist's trait information than their more popular peers (average and popular) in both conditions. As well as their frequently reported hostile bias, rejected children also showed a positive bias. This suggests a general delay in social reasoning among rejected children, but can also be explained by a difference in their development of social cognition based on their atypical daily interactions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.