Charity, Supervenience, and Skepticism

In a number of articles Donald Davidson has argued that the charitable nature of his method of radical interpretation rules out the possibility of massive error and thus refutes Cartesian skepticism. The diversity of such arguments and the suggestions that are all being made under the name of the principle of charity have prompted a large body of conflicting responses, adding only to the obscurity of the issues that are generally associated with the question of skepticism. In this paper I propose to consider the debate in a new light by reconstruing the principle of charity as a supervenience constraint on belief attribution. This would help explain some of the puzzling features of Davidson's arguments, like the idea of an omniscient interpreter, and the ensuing commentaries. Having provided an analysis of the limitations of Davidson's arguments, I shall then suggest an alternative explanation of the purported necessity of the principle of charity. Finally, having construed the principle of charity as a supervenience constraint, I shall examine what consequences this construal has for the logical status of the principle itself and its alleged epistemic potentials.     

课堂情境中学生竞争对其成就归因和成就行为的影响

本研究把成就归因区分为倾向性成就归因和情境性成就归因两种类型,并分别检验了在课堂情境中学生之间的竞争对二者以及对成就行为的影响。被试是80名初中一年级学生。结果表明,(1)竞争对学生的倾向性成就归因没有明显影响,而显著地影响着学生的情境性成就归因;(2)竞争对学生随后成就行为没有明显影响;(3)倾向性成就归因对学生的成就行为的影响是显著的,但是它的这种影响却是间接发挥作用的。     

初中生考试成绩归因模式研究

在广泛调查初中生对考试成绩的归因和情感反应的基础上,根据Ｗｅｉｎｅｒ的动机和情绪的归因理论,提出了初中生对考试成绩归因的假设模式,然后运用协方差结构模型的统计方法对这个假设模型进行了检验．虽然最初模型经ｘ２拟合度检验被拒绝,但经设定探查产生的最终模型较合适地拟合了数据,并部分支持了Ｗｅｉｎｅｒ的归因理论．按照这个模型,努力归因一内源性维度对初中生的自信心、期望、成就动机产生积极的影响．     

A k-sample significance test for independent alpha coefficients

The earlier two-sample procedure of Feldt [1969] for comparing independent alpha reliability coefficients is extended to the case ofK 2 independent samples. Details of a normalization of the statistic under consideration are presented, leading to computational procedures for the overallK-group significance test and accompanying multiple comparisons. Results based on computer simulation methods are presented, demonstrating that the procedures control Type I error adequately. The results of a power comparison of the case ofK=2 with Feldt's [1969]F test are also presented. The differences in power were negligible. Some final observations, along with suggestions for further research, are noted.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Michael E. Masson, in the computations performed, and of Leonard S. Feldt, in suggesting the data generation procedures used in the study. In addition, the authors thank James Zidek and the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of British Columbia, for advice concerning some of the theoretical development.     

自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆的影响

采用Stroop任务和前瞻记忆双任务实验范式,比较不同自我损耗条件对被试基于时间前瞻记忆（TBPM）的影响,及其对TBPM的加工阶段和成分的作用。然后通过添加外部时钟监控条件,探讨外部时钟是否可以减少自我损耗对TBPM的消极影响,以及自我损耗对时钟监控情况的作用。结果表明：（1）在内部控制条件下,自我损耗会严重影响TBPM的表现,高损耗组的TBPM成绩显著低于低损耗组,另外,自我损耗主要干扰前瞻记忆的前瞻成分和TBPM的第三个加工阶段。（2）在外部控制条件下,自我损耗没有降低TBPM的表现,说明外部时钟可以降低自我损耗对TBPM的消极影响。（3）自我损耗使个体呈现出不同的时钟监控模式,且邻近目标时间内的时钟监控次数与TBPM成绩呈显著正相关。     

On the difference between internal and external reactions to legitimate and illegitimate frustrations: A demonstration

Although it is commonly assumed that the nature of any given frustration (defined as an unexpected barrier to goal attainment) affects the strength of the resulting instigation to aggression, the present paper argues that the type of frustration, ie, whether it is legitimate or illegitimate, can also influence the strength of an overt attack upon an available target independently of instigation intensity. Two groups of university men were unexpectedly kept from winning a money prize for working on a motor task, and one group was induced to attribute this failure to their partner's misbehavior (illegitimate frustration) while the other men were told the failure was due to the apparatus (legitimate frustration). In comparison to a nonthwarted control group, both frustrated conditions displayed the same level of internal arousal. However, when all subjects had an opportunity to “supervise” a second partner on an unrelated task soon afterwards, only those who had been illegitimately thwarted earlier were now more openly punitive toward this “innocent” individual than the control group. Possible reasons for these results are discussed, but it is emphasized that a distinction must be drawn between the internal and external reactions to a frustration.     

归因方式对心理健康的影响及干预研究之概观

该文就归因方式对心理健康影响的特点、规律及其心理机制以及通过归因干预改善和提高个体与群体健康水平的研究进行了简要的叙述,并对已有研究存在的问题进行了初步的讨论。作者认为,归因干预可能是改善和提高个体与群体的健康水平的一条重要途径;未来的研究应着眼于揭示个体对不同性质、不同类型的生活事件在特定归因和维度归因上对心理健康影响的特点、规律及其心理机制,并就归因干预的理论和实践等问题进行了深入的探讨。     

知觉流畅性对判断和决策的影响

流畅性是个体对加工信息难易程度的一种主观体验, 它分为知觉流畅性、概念流畅性、提取流畅性等。研究者通过操纵刺激与背景的颜色对比度、刺激的字体类型、清晰程度等因素来控制知觉流畅性, 发现知觉流畅性会影响一系列判断和决策任务, 如命题真实性、类别判断、偏好、熟悉性等。知觉流畅性既可以作为判断的直接线索也可以通过选择不同线索和认知策略来间接影响判断和决策。     

中学生自我概念、学业归因与学业成绩关系的研究

该研究采用问卷法探讨中学生自我概念、学业归因与学业成绩的关系,并分别对初中生和高中生建立了因果关系模型。两模型区别在于：（1）学业成绩对初中生自我概念的影响大于对高中生的;（2）高中生学业自我概念受内部控制、非学业自我概念受未知方控制直接影响。研究还表明：（1）初中生的学业自我概念显著高于高中生的;（2）学业自我概念、一般自我概念与学业成绩高低一致;（3）内部控制源与有势力的他人控制源显著相关。     

奖赏结构与结果效价对儿童自我—他人成就归因与评价的影响

本研究旨在考察不同的奖赏结构和结果效价对儿童自我-他人成就归因、自我-他人奖赏评价的影响。实验采用2×2×2混合设计,其中自我-他人归因与评价为被试内设计。被试为小学五年级学生74名(男生36人,女生38人),实验通过解决一系列迷津测验来创设成功和失败情境。实验结果表明,奖赏结构对儿童自我-他人能力归因的影响、奖赏结构与自我-他人归因的交互作用对能力归因的影响、自我-他人运气归因均达到了显著性水平;努力和任务难度归因不显著;儿童对自我和他人的成就结果倾向于做能力和运气归因,较为忽略努力和任务难度在成就行为中的作用。